Essay on informative speech about hiking - 1229 Words

Speech title: Essentials for an overnight backpacking trip. Specific purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to understand the basic necessities to go on an overnight backpacking trip. Thesis statement/central idea: Overnight backpacking is fun and with basic understanding and knowledge, anyone can try it. Introduction Imagine yourself walking thru the wilderness, the leaves crunching underneath your feet, birds singing in the distance, squirrels playing in the trees†¦ Are you in a happy place? This is my happy place. I got to this place by backpacking. I started backpacking a few years ago out in Connecticut with some friends. Before we got into backpacking we started doing research by looking online and going to†¦show more content†¦C.2. Clothing can vary depending on the time of year or season. You should dress accordingly. C.3. Shelter can be anything from a tent to just a plain tarp depending on what you want to stay under. C.4. Food is what keeps you going on the trails and promotes fun on the trip. II. After doing all the prep work and planning, picking the right gear is important to enjoy the trip. A. The first type of gear that will be covered is the backpack. This is an important critical piece that helps you carry all the necessities without breaking your back. According to Backpackers start-up: A beginners Guide to Hiking Backpacking there are 3 types of backpacks. A.1. Internal frame packs have the frame on the inside of the backpack to allow the backpack to sit closer to the body and moves with the body to help navigate difficult terrain. This type also mitigates the chance of becoming off balance. A.2. External frame packs support the weight away from the body, which helps in the ease of loading gear and allows sweat to evaporate from your body. This type can increase the chance of becoming off balance due to the weight not being close to the body. A.3. Daypacks are smaller and good for short distances and light loads due to not much support other than the shoulder straps. B. The second type of gear is clothing. You should dress accordingly to the season and weather you will be backpacking in. B.1. Buck Tilton, author of Hiking Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline On Planning A Successful Backpacking Trip792 Words   |  4 PagesCOMM 1010: INFORMATIVE SPEECH –NOTES OUTLINE Catherine Bee COMM 1010-F16 Prof. Pack Informative Speech Draft Outline 11/15/16 Background Information Specific Goal: My audience will learn the tips and tricks to planning a successful backpacking trip Intended Audience: Beginning back-packers Pattern of Organization: I will be using an informative pattern of organization. My experience with this topic (ethos): Several years ago I took up backpacking. I have experienced a lot, and have learnedRead MoreEssay on Informative Speech Outline-Childhood Obesity840 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline Jill Lesmann Oral Communications Cathleen Kruska April 9th 2015    Topic: Childhood Obesity INTRODUCTION I. Attention Getter: Hi, my name is Jill. I have been a pediatric nurse for almost 2 years now. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011, childhood Obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. And in 2012, more than one-third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. IIRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wifeRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageswritten permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesaccounted for about 3 per cent of a total turnover, reaching around  £100m per annum. As a mark of the Ministry’s success, in the summer of 2001 venture capitalist company 3i acquired approaching 20 per cent of the Ministry’s equity for  £24m. Palumbo was quoted as saying: ‘With 3i’s support, we are now poised to spread the dance music gospel worldwide.’ In its ‘Rich List 2001’, The Sunday Times estimated Palumbo’s total fortune as  £150m. A spokesman for 3i said: We had obviously heard a lot about the Ministry

Analysis Of The Poem I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

The Time of Renewal â€Å"Here on the pulse of this new day you may have the grace to look up and out and into your sister’s eyes, into your brother’s face, your country and say simply very simply with hope good morning†. Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. She was a writer and civil rights activist, Maya Angelou was well known for her memoir in 1969, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Maya Angelou made literary history being the very first nonfiction best-seller by an African-American woman. In 1971, Angelou published Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water Fore I Die that won the Pulitzer Prize-nominated poetry collection. Later, she wrote the poem On the Pulse of Morning â€Å"one of her most famous works which she recited at President Bill Clinton s inauguration in 1993. Angelou received several different honors throughout her career as a writer and civil rights activist, including two NAACP Image Awards in the outstanding literary work (nonfiction) category, in 2005 and 2009. She died on May 28, 2014 and left with a great legacy. â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† is speaking on survival and renewal. Her poem is very lyrical and inspirational. It allows human beings have the imagination and courage to build up something new instead of tearing down what we have built thus far. This poem declares a positive statement that without a doubt the human race will indeed survive. This poem speaks of love as the answer to our fear - fear of commitment, fear of risk, fearShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1267 Words   |  6 PagesJoy McQueary Ms. Ball AP English Language 16 May 2017 SAHC: J.M. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings â€Å"Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day I woke out of my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blonde, would take the place of the kinky mass that Momma wouldn’t let me straighten?† (4) A theme in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is Angelou’s identity struggle as a black female. During this time in the country, colorism and a European standard taught that having black features wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem I Know Why The Caged Bird Sing And Phenomenal Women 1217 Words   |  5 Pages The importance of Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"I know why the Caged Bird Sing† and â€Å"Phenomenal Women† is the focus of identity, feminism and racism. Throughout these poems, we will see the way she explores the life of women in a male dominated society and the racial segregation between whites and blacks that took place for over hundreds of years. Each poem reflects its own form of identity for both women and African Americans during segregation. Her use of metaphors, symbolism, figure of speech, and imageryRead MoreMaya Angelou655 Words   |  3 Pageseveryone could have equality in the United States. The poem, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,† by the poet Maya Angelou, uses the following poetic devices: symbolism and lyric that give meaning to poem. The first poetic device that this poem shows is symbolism. Symbolism is when an author or poet uses a person, place, thing or an event to represent something else. An example of 3(1565443) symbolism from the poem would be â€Å"The caged bird sings with fearful trill of the things unknown but longedRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings And Still I Rise By Maya Angelou1517 Words   |  7 PagesPoems of Color The poems â€Å" I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† and â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou are both poems that speak on the issues of the mistreatment of African Americans, and how these challenges were created simply by the color of one’s skin and overcome. While the poems â€Å"Mother To Son† and â€Å" Dreams† by Langston Hughes refer to the hopes of African Americans for a better standard of living, and the consequences of departing from these dreams of bettering themselves. This comparison ofRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis840 Words   |  4 Pages There is one person that is a civil rights activist, memoirist, a poet and above all a woman, this person is none other than Maya Angelou. Angelou has been a famous American poet since the release of her 1969 autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Angelou has inspired many people by telling her life story to the public, but not only did she inspire, she also created a very different and personal point of view of the world we live in. The poem’s she has written transition from painRead MoreMaya Angelou : An Influential Voices Of Modern Society Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesresulted in the memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the first non-fiction best seller by an African-American woman. Continuing her success, Maya became the first African-American woman to have her screenplay turned into a film, the Pulitzer Prize nominated film, Georgia, Georgia. Maya Angelou published a total of 7 autobiographies, 3 books of essays and numerous books of poetry over many decades. Her first book of poems to be published, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘fore I Diiie, was releasedRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Caged Bird 1835 Words   |  8 PagesPower Because I live in a community with a majority black population, it is very easy to know all of the famous African American people. Growing up with my grandparents, I always heard a lot about the loving Dr. Maya Angelou. She was a tremendous figure in their lives and a phenomenal woman. One day my family was sitting outside, and my mom was reading a book with a lot of famous poems. The one she read aloud was Maya Angelou’s poem â€Å"Caged Bird.† She was so emotional reading this poem. During thatRead MoreWhy Should Anybody Care?1198 Words   |  5 Pages ELA7_SB_U5_L11 Introduction and Objective â€Å"Why should anybody care?† That’s the question of the day! The answer is also how you create an effective concluding section for your essay. You want to make sure your reader understands why they read through your entire essay, and you want them to be happy they spent the time doing it! Today s lesson objective is: Students will write a concluding section that follows from the information or explanation presented. In addition to a strong introductionRead MoreMaya Angelou: A Model Woman Through Influential Literature Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagescomes from her extraordinary books and poems. Her literature has influenced the young and old with their contents. Maya Angelous literary significance rests primarily upon her exceptional ability to tell her life story as both a human being and a black American woman. She is best known for her series of six autobiographical volumes, which focuses on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first and most highly acclaimed, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , written in 1969, tells of her firstRead MoreTradition And The Individual Talent944 Words   |  4 Pagesthe people in a particular group, family, society, etc., for a long time.† However the playwright, poet, and critic T.S. Eliot believes tradition in a poetry sense varies through cultures, through time, and it is ever changing. In Eliot’s critical analysis â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent† tradition is something considered passed down but in a poetry sense, it is something that is not inherited, it is something that requires great ambition and focus to learn from past poets. A great poet must learn

An Individual Written Reflection On A Lesson Or Series Of...

An individual written reflection on a lesson or series of lessons that you have taught. Introduction: The content of this critical account is based on a lesson taught to a Year 9 Information Communication Technology (ICT) class at a rural comprehensive school in Wales. The school is rated as good with outstanding features (Grade 1) under Estyn inspection and is a well established institution that provides facilities and provision for secondary (11-16) and post-sixteen education. The makeup of the school is English-medium, mixed, representing a full spectrum of ability and draws from a full range of social and economic backgrounds - though the number receiving free school meals is below the national average. The class in question is mixed ability and is representative of the wider school, including both more and less able pupils, some with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). The lesson’s set tasks (Appendix 3) included an evaluation of previous work on spreadsheets and an introduction to the forthcoming topic on databases. Both of these tasks contribute to a long term project which forms part of a wider curriculum intended to support essential business and computing skills, culminating in the award of the Essential Skills Wales (ESW) qualification. This reflection will critically analyse the types of knowledge intended to be taught during the lesson, how well the pedagogical techniques were suited to this learning (with a focus on pupil experience),Show MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Strategy : Learning Through Group Activities941 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the lesson they will be confronted with questions about what they think about the different habitats. When they are actively engaged in an activity, creating or doing something, they learn better and retain or remember what they learned; but more significantly, they develop an excitement and intrigue for learning. Cooperative learning through group activities will help to keep them responsible to each other to make sure they are understanding the experience at hand. These assignments have the purposeRead MoreLesson Plan For A Small Group Of Three First Grade, Classified English Language Learning ( Ell )1390 Words   |  6 PagesLESSON PLAN CONTEXT This lesson is designed for a small group of three first-grade, classified English language-learning (ELL) students. The students are ages six- through eight-years-old and are in a first grade classroom. They spend 90% of their time in the regular classroom, and the other 10% outside of the classroom receiving instruction from the ESOL teacher. All three of these students are female, two of which are Latino and the other of Arabic descent. Only one of the Latino girls wasRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of A Good Teacher1121 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior within your profession. Doing so ensures that you are growing and improving your teaching skills by building on old strengths to benefit you as an instructor, but especially by ensuring improvement in the students that you serve. What is a good teacher? â€Å"What the educator does in teaching is to make it possible for the students to become themselves.† 1A teacher s objective should not be to shape the students as a reflection of that educators image, instead they should see themselvesRead MoreQuestions On Science : Science Inquiry6774 Words   |  28 Pagesable to define science inquiry. By the end of this unit, learners will be able to compare and contrast the benefits and concerns of inquiry-based learning and traditional science lessons. By the end of this unit, learners will be able to identify and describe each of the five essential components of an inquiry-based lesson. By the end of this unit, learners will be able to identify and describe the three components of the CUE Instructional framework for inquiry-based learning. By the end of thisRead MoreEarly Years Education10897 Words   |  44 PagesChildren will follow the specifications and requirements set but he government in these three sectors, which will encourage the development throughout their early years A Childs development is influenced by a number of factors and processes, which have to be taken into account when designing a curriculum for young children. These include genetics and maturation, learning and child rearing. Children learn through a process called, ‘inductive inference, where assumptions about the world are madeRead MoreEarly Years Education10882 Words   |  44 PagesChildren will follow the specifications and requirements set but he government in these three sectors, which will encourage the development throughout their early years A Childs development is influenced by a number of factors and processes, which have to be taken into account when designing a curriculum for young children. These include genetics and maturation, learning and child rearing. Children learn through a process called, ‘inductive inference, where assumptions about the world are madeRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay Models 3252 Words   |  14 PagesPersonal Narrative Essay Models Some may not be of high literary quality, but they do show personal transformation and reflection. Others may contain inappropriate subject matter for some communities. However, they can be very useful in encouraging students to write. By choosing a suitable model, demonstrating annotation and applying the steps of the writing process, teachers can help young adults to compose effective personal narrative essays. Begin by allowing the students to review narrativeRead MoreMy Research On Pedagogical Grammar Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesWhat do you intend to do? Why is this idea suitable for an action research experiment? I intend to focus my research on pedagogical grammar as a more general term and more specifically on different teaching methods and strategies to motivate students to learn grammar in the second language and integrate it successfully in their communication and raise their achievement in exams and beyond. As a linguist, having studied myself English as a second language, followed by French and afterwards SpanishRead MoreCtlls Ppa Essay5328 Words   |  22 Pages Produce a methodology for the chosen area of research, the approach taken and a prà ©cis of findings. Research the following points and produce a written rationale for each of the following Principles of assessment, different methods, strengths and limitations of these, relevant to their subject area, which can effectively meet the individual needs of learners. Peer and self-assessment; how this can promote learner involvement and personal responsibility How feedback and questioningRead MoreTeaching Problems15782 Words   |  64 Pagesthe English language in Tanzanian government primary schools with recommendations. Katy Allen MBE Director, Village Education Project Kilimanjaro Contents: Summary Backround Introduction Lack of good command of the English language both spoken and written History of English language teaching in Tanzania and the use of the NOEC How do children learn? The current situation and the root causes of the problems English for pre-primary, Standard I and Standard II Consideration of what is needed for good

Amazing Grace By John Newton - 1260 Words

Amazing Grace commonly refers to the song written by John Newton published in 1779; however, it’s hidden meaning is not as commonly known. It talks about John Newton’s person experiences, towards Slave Trade. He became a servant of a slave trader, was later saved and became a captain of slave ship. Knowing how it felt not to own yourself, he left his captaincy and looked to God for forgiveness, as, selling men was inhuman. This song is referred to throughout the movie Amazing Grace which captures the process of abolishment of the slave trade and shows William Wilberforce single handing demolishing it. However, Amazing Grace (2006) is not a reliable or representative historical source, which can be established by examining the depiction of the key characters and events such as the abolishment of the slave trade. Amazing Grace portrays William Wilberforce, seen on the screen, as beginning the abolishment movement of slave trade and demolishing it single handily with little help from others. Although, Wilberforce might have been the face of the abolishment movement he did not do it all by himself as the movie has portrayed. There were plenty of influential men who stood behind him that started the movement long before, and had spent hours, months and years of their life dedicated to the abolishment. Wilberforce’s job was to be the voice in the parliament giving evidence which others had collected for him such as signatures of the public and evidence of the slave trade.Show MoreRelatedThe Song Of Amazing Grace By John Newton764 Words   |  4 Pages Amazing Grace is one of the most popular hymnals in history. This song was written over one hundred years ago by John Newton. It was created because of John discovering the beauty of God’s grace and why it is important. It was John’s testimony in form of a song however, many of us may be unaware of how John came up with the words to describe such God’s gift. John Newton was once a captain of a slave ship â€Å"One night while aboard a ship called â€Å"The Greyhound† he became face to face with a viciousRead MoreEssay on The Analysis – Amazing Grace747 Words   |  3 PagesThe Analysis – Amazing Grace Kiel Carino ENG 125 Professor Olabisi Adenekan October 29, 2012 The Analysis – Amazing Grace The poetry â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. â€Å"Amazing Grace† has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why â€Å"Amazing Grace† is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engagingRead MoreEssay about Amazing Grace or Disgrace?1215 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s society would denounce slavery as cruel or inhumane. But in the eighteenth century, most of the western society accepted slavery and the slave trade. It took heroic efforts be brave, dedicated political leaders to eventually turn the tables. Amazing Grace is a historical film that depicts the life and work of British politician and abolitionist campaigner William Wilberforce. The film takes place in Britain between 1780 and the early 1800s, during which Wilberforce was working to write and passRead MoreMusic Plays A Influence On My Life988 Words   |  4 Pagesgrade, I joined the Needwood Middle School Choir. We sung gospel music and Christmas music during the holiday season. With gaining so much musical experience during my time in Middle School, my church appointed me to Youth Choir Director for Salem St. John Baptist Church. Overall, I prefer Gospel music for so many different reasons. One of the reasons I prefer to listen to Gospel music is because of the messages behind this type of music. God comes first and he truly is the head of my life. As a ChristianRead MoreEssay about Amazing Grace1287 Words   |  6 Pages Amazing Grace is not a good movie, it is a great movie. Films on History can be lengthy and tedious, but that sure is not the case in this fascinating movie about the famous abolitionist William Wilberforce, who was responsible for steering anti-slave trade legislation through the British parliament. Contrary to what its title suggests, â€Å"Amazing Grace† isn’t really about the inauguration of the Christian hymn. Set in the 18th century England, it focuses on William’s political career to abolishRead MoreFreedom Is The Story Of Universal Freedom Based On Two Men Living A Century Apart997 Words   |  4 Pagesmother Adira (Phyllis Bash) starts narrating the tale of John Newton (Bernhard Forcher), the captain of the slave ship Pegasus and Samuel’s great grandfather, a slave bound for America in 1748. During their journey, Newton is battling his moral conscience and faith inspiring him to compose one of the most notable Christian hymns â€Å"Amazing Grac e.† Freedom turned out to be a musical based on hope and faith inspired by the song â€Å"Amazing Grace† with the underlying story of freedom rather than a dramaRead MoreAmazing Grace865 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Amazing Grace â€Å"When people speak of great men, they think of men like Napoleon – men of violence. Rarely do they think of peaceful men. But contrast the reception they will receive when they return home from their battles. Napoleon will arrive in pomp and in power, a man who’s achieved the very summit of earthly ambition. And yet his dreams will be haunted by the oppressions of war. William Wilberforce, however, will return to his family, lay his head on his pillow and remember: the slave tradeRead MoreCatholicism Is The Faith, Function, And Practices Of The Catholic Church Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolized as figures of the Trinity. Light represents the Father who created the world, heat represents the image of the Son (Jesus) who saved us by the warmth of his love, and energy resembles the image of the Holy Spirit, energizing mankind with its grace. During World War II, Father Walter Cizsek was arrested in Siberia because he was accused of being a Vatican spy, spendi ng 23 years of hard labor there. Later on, he wrote the book called He Leadeth Me, which centers itself amongst a community of CatholicRead MoreWilliam Wilberforce and the Abolition of the British Slave Trade1441 Words   |  6 Pagesin both his life and his Parliamentary position, he was very energized to make a difference. While, reconstructing his life, he looked to man named John Newton, a former slave boat captain, for guidance. Wilberforce was pondering giving up his position but Newton advised him not to because he saw it as quitting on his civic duty to his people. Newton advised him to apply his basic beliefs to his work and fight for what is morally right, not what is beneficial to the country. William WilberforceRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesbiggest fears alone. I was told I could watch a movie while I donated and I gladly took them up on their offer, looking for a distraction from what I was about to endure. To my surprise and deli ght, the very first movie I saw was â€Å"Amazing Grace,† the story of John Newton and Wilbur Wilberforce and their fight to end slavery in England. It also happens to be my All Time favorite song and was sung at our Easter wedding. That was when it hit me like a 2x4 right between the eyes. Life is not Time+Chance+Matter

Health and Social Care free essay sample

Use different sociological perspectives to discuss patterns and trends of health and illness in TWO different social groups. I’m going to write about two different social groups, Gender and Social Class because Feminism fits in to gender and Marxism fits into Social Class. D1- Evaluate different sociological explanations for patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. Social Class- Marxism. M2: This table shows that people who live in most deprived areas are more likely to smoke, are less likely to have a good education, they more than likely lived in poverty as a child. This table also shows that the least deprived people are the people with the most education and then end up becoming a professional or a manager. The Marxist approach would suggest that the least deprived are the ruling class and the most deprived are the working class in the hierarchy Marxists believe the most deprived people shouldn’t have an education they think they should be working for the least deprived people (Middle class) in factories and other places like that, they know that the most deprived may get ill from the working conditions but they don’t have to pay very much for the labour. Always try and work as part of a team. The staff in your placements are always willing to offer support, advice and guidance. Listen carefully to staff and try and follow instructions carefully. You will be expected to use your initiative, but you won’t be expected to remember everything on your first day. If you are unsure about anything please ask questions – and if you find it useful, take notes. Listen carefully to service users. Make sure you take your professional practice file with you each week. Show the file to the placement supervisor. You also need to discuss with the placement supervisor the activities that you need to carry out. Ensure that your log sheets and weekly summary sheets are signed regularly. If you have any issues, speak immediately to the placement supervisor. The main purposes of your placement are to enable you to :- Understand the way an establishment works and what it needs for it to be successful. Gain first hand experience of a working situation. Understand how to work in a safe, healthy and supportive working environment. Meet and get to know people who are working in your chosen profession and make the most of their knowledge and experience. Be able to see people carrying out the job that you think may be your chosen career. Before you start your placement, you should :- Ring to introduce yourself and thank the establishment for taking you on. Arrange an induction visit, if necessary. Make sure you know where you are going and how to get there. Make sure you know who you need to speak to on arrival. As an employer, we would like you to :- Provide a high quality educational environment to all students, that will ultimately enhance their professional development. Provide a safe working environment to all students in your establishment. Ensure that the placement experience allows the student to develop a broad range of skills and face a wide range of experiences and opportunities. Ensure that you provide support and guidance to the student to allow them to complete any tasks necessary to their course. As the tutor/placement officer we will :- Maintain regular communication between the student, ourselves and the placement provider. Monitor the student’s progress whilst on placement. Arrange and undertake visits to the workplace during the student’s placement. Provide pastoral support to the student during the period of placement. PLACEMENT AGREEMENT Name of Learner: _________________________ Name of Course:_________________________ Name of Tutor:_________________________ I __________________ agree to attend placement on the agreed placement days during term time. I understand that if I am not able to attend placement due to illness or other circumstances, it is my responsibility to: 1) Ring my placement before 9. 00 am on each day I am absent. 2) Ring college each day I am absent. 3) Bring in any relevant documentation related to my absence (eg doctor’s sick note/hospital appointment card). I understand that I must complete a minimum of 300 hours of placement in order to pass the course. I am aware that failure to attend placement or inform college / placement of my absences will result in a written warning and / or disciplinary action. Learner’s signature:_________________________ Print name: ________________________ Tutor’s signature:_________________________ Print name:_________________________ Date : _________________________ STATEMENT OF CONFIDENTIALITY My work will bring me into contact with confidential information. To ensure that all those using and working in the placement can do so with confidence, I will respect confidentiality in the following ways: I will not discuss individual people with anyone other than the staff members responsible for the day to day care of that person. Any anxieties/evidence relating to a persons personal safety will be reported directly to the person in charge and will not be shared within the placement. I will not reveal any identity features such as names, dates of birth, addresses, family history or medical conditions with people other than the staff members responsible for the day to day care of that person. I will maintain confidentiality by ensuring that all evidence relating to my placement will be kept in a safe and secure environment. Personnel issues will remain confidential to the people involved. Signed †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If absent, reason for absence Supervisors Signature 1 Induction N/A N/A N/A 2 Induction 3 Induction 4 Sept 24 5 Oct 1 6 Oct 8 7 Oct 15 8 Oct 22 9 Wk Beg Oct 28 HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM 10 Nov 5 11 Nov 12 12 Nov 19 13 Nov 26 14 Dec 3 15 Dec 10 16 BLOCK WEEK Dec 16 – Dec 20 17 Wk Beg Dec 23 CHRISTMAS CHRISTMAS CHRISTMAS 18 Wk Beg Dec 30 NEW YEAR NEW YEAR NEW YEAR YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If absent, reason for absence Supervisors Signature 19 Jan 7 20 Jan 14 21 Jan 21 22 Jan 28 23 Feb 4 24 Feb 11 25 Week Commencing 17 Feb HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM Total hours per week (not start and finish times) must be entered prior to your supervisor signing. This must be completed at the end of each week’s placement and must be available for monitoring by your tutor/placement officer in college each week. Health and Social Development Department BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care (Health Studies) YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If absent, reason for absence Supervisors Signature 26 Feb 25 27 Mar 4 28 Mar 11 29 Mar 18 30 Mar 25 31 Apr 1 32 Wk beg April 7 EASTER EASTER EASTER 33 Wk beg Apr 14 EASTER EASTER EASTER 34 Apr 22 35 BLOCK WEEK Apr 28 – May 2 36 May 6 37 May 13 38 May 20 39 Wk beg May 26 HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If absent, reason for absence Supervisors Signature 40 Jun 3 41 Jun 10 42 Jun 17 43 Wk beg Jun 23 ADDITIONAL DAYS IF NEEDED Total hours per week (not start and finish times) must be entered prior to your supervisor signing. This must be completed at the end of each week’s placement and must be available for monitoring by your tutor/placement officer in college each week. YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT ONE TOTAL HOURS REPORT RECEIVED PLACEMENT TWO TOTAL HOURS REPORT RECEIVED Verified by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Scenario: Much of the theory covered whilst studying the various units that make up your L3 Extended Diploma in Health Social Care relates directly to your placement experience. For this reason parts of your Unit 1: Communication, Unit 2: Equality, Diversity Rights, Unit 3: Health, Safety and Security, Unit 6: Personal Professional Development and Unit 44: Vocational Experience assessment have been included in this Placement Portfolio. You are required to take this Portfolio with you each time you attend your placement so you can make notes, write up any interactions undertaken, collect witness statements and generally gather evidence required to complete your unit task assignments. Tracking Your Progress Grading Criteria Date due: Date achieved and tutor signature: UNIT 1 – Communication in Health Social Care P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context P2 Discuss theories of communication P5 Participate in a one-to-one interaction in a health and social care context P6 Participate in a group interaction in a health and social care context P3 Explain factors that may influence communication and interpersonal interactions in health and social care environments M3 Assess your communication and interpersonal skills in relation to each interaction D2 Evaluate factors that influenced the effectiveness of each interaction

Impact of Social E-commerce Variables on Customers Shopping Behavior

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Social E-commerce Variables on Customers Shopping Behavior. Answer: Introduction The current trends of e-commerce websites and online shopping have created an immense impact on the minds of the consumers. The social commerce is one of the fastest developments throughout the e-commerce mainly developed by the effective use of the social media platforms and its primary motive is to empower the interaction of customers throughout the internet connectivity. This paper focuses on evaluating the impact of e-commerce on the online shopping behavior of consumers. Moreover, it becomes very crucial for each of the individuals concerned to understand the desired application of the e-business as this has generated an immense impact on consumers purchasing behavior. There are certain factors which influence the decision-making processes of the consumers and especially for online shopping (Belk, Askegaard, Scott, 2012). Moreover, it has been seen that the users of social media are increasing on large numbers and this has provided the desired platform for the companies to util ize the e-commerce technology to enhance their business methods. The use of the social media platforms is used as means of effective promotions for the services and products provided by different companies. There are certain contemporary issues related to the execution of the e-commerce technologies and this is highlighted through this paper. The literature of the e-commerce will reflect its different aspects regarding the execution and the development of the business processes within the targeted market areas. Moreover, the customers are found to have more befitted from the use of e-commerce websites (Cheng Choi, 2010). It becomes very crucial for any of the individuals to look upon the advantages along with the disadvantages of the e-commerce technology as this generates enormous impact on the shopping behavior of all of the customers. In order to understand the desired impact of the e-commerce on the shopping behavior of the consumers, the most important are to identify the diff erent e-commerce models and the application of the e-commerce technology. E-commerce Literature The literature reflects the fact that social commerce is the newest technology as well as the subset of the e-commerce which enables the different consumers to generate the content. Different consumers have different choices and the uses the use of the social commerce have brought the desired changes to connect people with the online shopping and purchase ("E-Commerce Times: E-Business Means Business", 2016). It has been seen that the social media users are increasing rapidly and it has set up the platform for the different companies to reach the customers directly as to evaluate the selling of their products. One of the benefits is the utilization of time of the concerned consumers; the online shopping with the help of e-commerce technology has brought desired change for the consumers. The researchers have critically evaluated the fact that the interaction of the business man with the customers helps in convincing them regarding the selling of the concerned goods and services. The s ocial commerce constructs reveal the online experiences of the consumers by different social media platforms towards offline mode in order to make more interaction with the customers (E-Commerce, 2015). The customers have the benefit as they can utilize their valuable time in doing their own work while in between which they can place their orders by using the internet on their laptops, computers or mobile phones. There has been an effective pricing strategy as the prices for the products are fixed low in comparison with the other shopkeepers available throughout the market segments. Moreover, these advantages help the different concerned firm in influencing the behavior of the customers regarding the online shopping ("What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT", 2016). Therefore, the customers can easily be attracted toward the online websites of different companies with the help of suitable strategies from different social media platforms. Explanation of E-commerce Models The e-commerce models can be categorized as B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, G2B and G2C where b stands for business, c for consumers and G for the government. Theses business models are basically formed on the different business requirements. The business to business model explains that the products are sold to a buyer from which the products are resold to the final customers. It can be understood from an example that the wholesalers purchase the products from the companys website and then resell the items to the customers (Fontinelle, 2013). Most important, B2B and B2C are followed and used by most of the well-known firms. The B2B particularly reflects the selling of the product with the help of a media and this increases the prices to some extent for the concerned customers. Whereas, the B2C business model sells the products of the particular organization to the customers directly and this has been used in large numbers as thus helps in reducing the prices of the products and the customer s can easily avail the products at a lower price ("Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice", 2012). There exist different options for the customers to select the products as per their choice and order the same. On the other hand, the consumer to consumers reflects that business model according to which the customers sell their products directly to the customers such as their assets like scooters, fridge, televisions, mobile phones etc. Application of the Theory and Reflection The business to business to consumers models are seen to be widely used throughout the different market segments and the concepts of these need to be critically utilized by different firms as to enhance the selling of their respective products to the concerned customers. the planning and formation of the effective strategies are considered to be of great importance for the different firms to sell their products to the customers, whereas the consumers need to identify and evaluate their product requirements and they should not get influenced by the different firms regarding their particular purchase ("Home - Ecommerce Europe", 2016). It becomes very crucial for the customers to understand the desired aspects of the e-commerce models and theories as it will help in improving the shopping experiences (Hoyer, Pieters, MacInnis, 2013). There are certain factors for influencing the process of decision-making of the buyers and these needs to be evaluated by the consumers as to make the eff ective decision for their particular purchase. The Effect of Social Constructs on the Consumers Behaviors in the E-Business As per many of the well-known researchers, it has been found that the development of the different social media platforms like the reviews, ratings, forums, communities, recommendations and the referrals have significantly affected the behavior of the consumers towards the e-commerce business. The effects of the ratings, as well as the reviews from the different customers, create an enormous impact on the execution of the business processes of the different e-commerce companies. Moreover, people sometimes get influenced towards h best ratings the reviews posted for a particular product by the different other audiences. Furthermore, it has been evaluated that the ratings and reviews critically helps a person to select the best quality of the products at a reasonable price. The use of the recommendations and the referrals from the social media websites eventually plays the most crucial role in influencing the behavior of the consumers. The posting of the reviews regarding a particular goods or products throughout the different social media platforms influences the behavior of the consumers regarding the purchasing of the products. There exists section for the reviews from the customers regarding their desired purchase from the different e-commerce platforms and therefore this needs to be enhanced in order to increase the efficiency of the concerned business processes. The intention of the buyers and their trust are two of the crucial elements which help the e-commerce platforms in selling their respective products. On the other hand, the effective use of the social constructs from the different firms will help them in providing the desired elevation in their respective business process. The product review is supposed to be of great importance for the client as it helps them in selecting the desired product as per their need and thus, it can be said that the different social constructs generate the significant impact on the behavior of the consumers regarding the purchase of their goods from the different e-commerce websites. Description and Analysis of the E-commerce E-commerce has been the most vital tool for the development and expansion of the business process of many of the companies online (Perreau, 2013). The use of the social media platforms by a large number of the users have made it clear that the online shipping can be made easier if the people from of the social media are attracted towards the business. There are certain issues with the e-commerce websites such as lack of the planning, bad designing along with poor usability, not an effective promotion or misplaced promotions, slower performance, coding errors, security along with the hacking issues, delivering of the cheap products and contents described for the different products. The lack of the reliability of the website's design affects the selling of the products and thus, this is supposed to be one of the major issues (Reny, 2015). The security and the hacking issues should be resolved for the online payments as these affect the purchasing of the products by the customers by doi ng online payments. These are some of the implications of the issues of e-commerce that needs to be rectified as to enhance the overall performance of the firm within the confined market segments. The different e-commerce models highlight that the product can be directly sold to the customers or it can be sold with the help of wholesalers. Basically, the business to business and business to consumer business models are evaluated on a larger platform (Schiffman, Kanuk, Wisenblit, 2010). Some of the best examples of the e-commerce business firms are Amazon, eBay etc. these firms have established their respective business processes in more than 10 countries throughout the world and therefore it becomes very important to understand the different business strategies of these firms related to the e-commerce technology. Summary of Literature The literature critically evaluates the fact that e-commerce has been the most promising technology which helps the firms to sell their respective products directly to the customers (Standard, 2016). The users of social media have increased in large numbers and therefore the business through e-commerce has been very easy for the different companies to sell their concerned products throughout different parts of the world. There are some of the crucial issues of the using of e-commerce that needs to be rectified and reduced in order to expand the confined business practices of the different organizations thin the targeted market segments ("What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). Reliability and the effectual designing of the e-commerce website are of great importance as it directly appeals to minds of the customers regarding the use of the website for the particular purchase that is going to be done by the con cerned customer. Moreover, there are different business models that should be understood in order to execute the business processes concerned with the only shopping. Conclusion Online retailing and the digital marketing needs to be more improved as these creates an enormous impact on the consumers related to the selling of the products. The paper presents the preferred impact of the e-commerce on the shopping behavior of the consumers; the most imperative is to identify the diverse e-commerce models and the application of the e-commerce technology. There are some of the e-commerce models which should be understood before the execution of the online shopping business. These models are B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2G, G2B and G2C. B2B and B2C are followed and used by most of the well-known firms. The B2B particularly reflects the selling of the product with the help of a media and this increases the prices to some extent for the concerned customers. The business to business model explains that the products are sold to a buyer from which the products are resold to the final customers. Consumers have different choices and the uses the use of the social commerce have br ought the desired changes to connect people with the online shopping and purchase. The conclusion can be made that the current trends changes towards the world of online shopping and there are some of the contemporary issues regarding the development of the e-commerce that should be reduced as to increase the productivity and the profitability rate of the concerned organization. References Belk, R., Askegaard, S., Scott, L. (2012).Research in consumer behavior. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Cheng, T. Choi, T. (2010).Innovative quick response programs in logistics and supply chain management. Berlin: Springer. E-Commerce Times: E-Business Means Business. (2016).Ecommercetimes.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ecommercetimes.com/ E-Commerce, W. (2015).What Is E-Commerce?.Business News Daily. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4872-what-is-e-commerce.html Fontinelle, A. (2013).Electronic Commerce - commerce.Investopedia. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ecommerce.asp Googles latest accomplishment: refining marketing practice. (2012).Journal Of Consumer Marketing,29(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm.2012.07729caa.002 Home - Ecommerce Europe. (2016).Ecommerce Europe. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ Hoyer, W., Pieters, R., MacInnis, D. (2013).Consumer behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Perreau, F. (2013).The 4 factors influencing consumer behavior.Theconsumerfactor.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://theconsumerfactor.com/en/4-factors-influencing-consumer-behavior/ Reny, P. (2015). A Characterization of Rationalizable Consumer Behavior.Econometrica,83(1), 175-192. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta12345 Schiffman, L., Kanuk, L., Wisenblit, J. (2010).Consumer behavior. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Standard, B. (2016).Search.Business-standard.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.business-standard.com/search?type=newsq=E-commerce What Is Consumer Behavior in Marketing? - Factors, Model Definition - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016).Study.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-consumer-behavior-in-marketing-factors-model-definition.html What is Consumer Behaviour - Meaning, Concepts, PPT? (2016).Managementstudyguide.com. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-consumer-behaviour.htm

English Paper- Subject and Verb free essay sample

Read the original quickly, and try to understand its main subject or purpose. Then you will need to read it again to understand it in more detail. 3. Underline or make a marginal note of the main issues. Use a highlighter if this helps. 4. Look up any words or concepts you dont know, so that you understand the authors sentences and how they relate to each other. 5. Work through the text to identify its main sections or arguments. These might be expressed as paragraphs or web pages. 6. Remember that the purpose [and definition] of a paragraph is that it deals with one issue or topic. 7.Draw up a list of the topics or make a diagram. [A simple picture of boxes or a spider diagram can often be helpful. ] 8. Write a one or two-sentence account of each section you identify. Focus your attention on the main point. Leave out any illustrative examples. We will write a custom essay sample on English Paper- Subject and Verb or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 9. Write a sentence which states the central idea of the original text. 10. Use this as the starting point for writing a paragraph which combines all the points you have made. 11 . The final summary should concisely and accurately capture the central meaning of the original. . Remember that it must be in your own words. By writing in this way, you help to re-create the meaning of the original in a way which makes sense for you. Paraphrase Definition A paraphrase is: * your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. * one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. * a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea. Examples The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded word for word.

When You Think Of The Middle Ages You Think Of Kings Essays

1 When you think of the Middle Ages you think of Kings and castles, knights in shining armor saving the princess, and savage warfare to coincide with horrible diseases and plagues taking lives. For the most part that was true, but we are forgetting about the majority of the population, otherwise known as "the commons". These people can easily be compared to you and I living in these times. The peasants were not a part of the noble class or associated with the clergy, but just lived plain and simple lives and tried to get by with what they had. In those times they did not have a lot. Since all of us would be considered peasants in those times, I am going to take us back to that era and compare the life of a peasant to our lives now. From the day they are born all the way to their death. I will go over the different types of commoners, go over how they grew up, what they ate, and even what they did for fun back in those days. Childbirth in Medieval times were much of the same as they are now. I say this in the biological way only of course. Birth was not in the hands of a physician, but entirely up to a midwife. The only reason there would be a doctor there is if there was a pathological complication. The setting for childbirth was different as well. All of the childbirth's would take place at the home, as compared to 2hospitals in today's times. Hospitals were predominantly used for long-term care for the poor. Another huge difference in childbirth was the risk to the mother. The closest estimate of childbirth deaths was about 14 deaths for every 1,000 childbirth's. This is very high in modern standards. In 1988, Nigeria was reported to have a rate of 8 deaths in every 1,000 births, which was unusually high even for a Third World country.(Singman,McLean p40) The first formal event that an infant had to go through was the ceremony of baptism. This is true for Christians in today's times as well. This was the single most important of the rituals administered by the Church. Without baptism the child could not enter into heaven. In those times Baptism was so important that everyone was encouraged to learn the basic words of the ritual. In Middle English the words were, "I crystene thee in the nome of the Fader, and the Son and the Holy Gost. Amen. The Christening would usually take place a week within the birth of the child. It all depended on how healthy the child was. In today's times, everyone is invited to the Baptismal celebration of their newborn. Back then the godparents were summoned and the rest of the family would proceed to the church without the mother being present. The reason for that was because it was custom for her not to enter the church prior to her own ceremony of"purification", which is supposed to cleanse her from the 3spiritual stain of childbirth. Today we are given two godparents. They were given two godparents of the same sex and one of the opposite. The godparent's role in the child's life was a very important one. They were to play the role as the religious instructors towards the child. (Singman,McLean p41) For the most part Baptism marked the child as part of the church as well as society. Church and society were considered to be equal. After this ceremony the child would receive the most important symbol of its public identity: a name. Just like today people had a wide variety of names to choose from. Most of the names, however, were ones of saints or those that had a French origin. The girls had very few saints names to choose from so they choose anything excluding the names of Mary or Martha. Just like in any society during any period, the shape of an infants life depended on its social background. The mothers had no option of weather to get baby formula so all medieval mothers breast fed for the first two or three years. There was an interesting technique that was practiced in medieval times. It was called "swaddling". This was done because of the tenderness of the limbs, the child may easily and quickly twist and bend and take abnormal shapes. To prevent this the child's limbs would be bound with strips of cloth and other suitable bonds. This also kept the infant 4warm as well as out of trouble. During the first few years of life the child was almost always under female care.(Singman,Mclean

War for Talent

Introduction The global economy has significantly expanded within the last decade. Human resource managers, business leaders, and other entrepreneurs at large have found it increasingly challenging to recruit new and skilled workforce in their business institutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These business organisations need skilled employees for critical entrepreneurial processes such as decision-making and strategic planning in order to gain competitive advantage in both local and global markets. However, the gap between the need for skilled workers and available employment positions is seemingly becoming a challenge for many business organizations around the globe. This phenomenon has crowned into a war for talent that has challenged the accomplishment of goals and objectives for many businesses and organisations. This paper provides insight to the extent t o which war for talent has become both a local and global challenge for businesses and organizations. The Global War for Talent Numerous researchers have unveiled that many organisations, especially in America, Nordic region, and Asia, have gradually fallen short of competitive talents (Chambers, Foulon, Handfield-Jones, Hankin, Michaels 1998). The world underwent an immense revolution in terms of technology during the last decade. Apparently, technology has led to the expansion of businesses and the invention of new ones. As a result, many companies have sprouted within this technological revolution leading to new brands in the market. However, Klein (2013) claims that there is no adequate professional talent to fill the labour gap that is associated with this nature of organisational dynamism. There is an increasing demand for expertise knowledge about a variety of professional dimensions such as information and technology literacy, free and private enterprise skills, strategic p lanning, and international shrewdness (Chambers et al. 1998). Lately, due to the aforementioned trend of events, multinational companies have begun to seek talents from foreign countries where quality education is highly regarded. In their research, the authors note that the shortage of talents in business organisations has forced some executive directors to serve an increasing number of companies in their career life.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation is due to the urge for companies to seek the best business leaders to manage their companies. According to Chambers et al. (1998), many companies extend less weight to the practice of nurturing talents within their business organisations. Global Leadership Many multinational corporations across the globe have championed to secure the world’s best business executives to lead their businesses (Ju 2013). There is a need for organisations to maintain competitive leaders in order to improve their bottom lines. Despite the urge for highly qualified professionals, many human resource managers of contemporary business firms face a hard time in search for brilliant talents from the twenty-first century generation (Larkan 2009). Due to competition and emergence of new markets for products, leaders of these business firms have to recruit professionals to take charge of the managerial jobs. However, the human resource managers meet the recruitment of business executives with the possibility of unforeseen shortcomings of taking on under qualified individuals, masked in volatile skills and knowledge about their anticipated responsibilities (Martin 2013). Furthermore, international firms have to persevere costly hiring of executives due to extreme competition, especially in emerging markets. According to the authors, the emerging markets have more war for talent than the developed markets. The quali ty of the products and size of the market depends on the expertise knowledge of the employees. The author unveils that multinationals have lately found difficulties to recruit and maintain highly talented personnel in their business organizations. A survey conducted by Klein (2013) to investigate the confidence of employees in their companies indicated that 71 percent of business executives were confident that they would be retained in their current positions for at least two to three years. Aging Population and Global Demographics Researchers have attested that there an increasing gap between the number of aged persons who leave the workforce and the availability of new talents to occupy the vacant positions (Burkus Osula 2011). The authors project that the global aging population will rise from 10 percent to 20 percent in the next three decades. Such demographics trend reflects a tremendous decrease of skilled labour force.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on W ar for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growth economies entirely hinge on the magnitude and superiority of the available workforce. Therefore, the foreseen decrease in qualified talents will lead to loss of human capital in many multinational corporations that drive the economies of many nations, both in the developing and developed world. As well, such loss of human capital will pose a very serious risk for growing and emerging economies. The demographic patterns of the world have also changed variably in nearly every geographic region of the world. The major factors that have affected the demographic patterns include improved longevity, reduced birth rates, and governance laws on birth control. The above factors reflect a decline in the overall productive population in the next few decades (Spitulnik 2009). Further research has revealed that, if the demographic trend continues, there will reach a time when the elderly pe ople will have to remain in the workforce for considerably more years than today. The author reveals that several countries have changed the retirement laws for future economic security. For instance, China is the magnitude of local talents has reduced in the past five years due to higher retirement rates than the employment rates. The situation has forced employers to hire experts from other countries to supplement the low number of existing local workforce (Levy, Beechler, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2007). Skills Gap and Diversity Irrespective of the declining workforce, there is still an outsized worldwide population of both literate and illiterate people that does meet the minimum threshold for employment (Levy et al. 2007). The quest for tech-savvy workforce to take hold of technologically aligned employment positions in computing, information technology, and most engineering industries has created a questionable skills gap. The authors attest that there is a global shortage of tech nologists to take on employment in automated industries due to insufficiency of high-level technology skills. Moreover, the diversification of global business firms and industries has raised the demand for all-round workforce that can adjust to different business environments with little or no challenges. Workers participating in international business affairs have to acquire diverse proficiency skills in disciplines such as culture relations, information technology, linguistics, and general enterprise skills. Furthermore, contemporary multinational companies thrive in a world that is highly globalized (Larkan 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mobility of Talents Because of globalisation, Levy et al. (2007) reveals that most international regulations that govern emigration have been waivered to pave a way for business activities across the different spheres of the globe. The loosening of emigration laws has challenged individuals worldwide to venture into global labour markets. As a result, there has been mobility of talents from one country to another as individuals get employment both in mainland or overseas countries. Ng (2013) claims that globalisation has eased the process of hiring brilliant talents from foreign countries. In the aforementioned, China and Japan are leading examples in the importation of the labour force to fill in their employment gaps due to their state of declining productive population. Many researchers have posited that mobility because of the war for talent has led to elevated emigration rates (Levy et al. 2007). This phenomenon has resulted in â€Å"brain drain† for the majority of the talented workers who leave their own countries for employment in foreign nations. However, in a number of cases, some countries, especially in the Unites States, have encouraged the need for â€Å"talent flow†, contrary to â€Å"brain drain†. This practice has promoted the return of skills to home countries in order to boost local talents. Integration of Mobility and Global Talent Undoubtedly, mobility is an important business opportunity that many leaders highly prioritise. Ju (2013) speculates that the magnitude of globally mobile workforce will rise significantly in the next 5 years. There is a need for business leaders to integrate mobility and global talents in order to compensate for skill gaps. Multinational organisations have to develop new leaders and acquaint them with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to establish new markets. The importance of integrating mobility and global talents is to nurture future talents that can save the global economy from suffering enormous losses due to skill gap. In a survey conducted by Chambers et al. (1998) to seek opinions on global mobility, the authors revealed that 61 percent of the respondents perceived global mobility as a crucial strategy for developing their talents and life careers. Apparently, 38 percent suggested that progressive global mobility could become more important for multinationals if business leaders could give the idea much more weight. According to Martin (2013), business leaders need to understand the importance of integrating mobility and talents in an attempt to improve global talent competency. Development of Talents According to Klein (2013), there are potential recruits for diverse employment opportunities worldwide. However, the challenge of recruiting and retaining such potential employees is the biggest question from many organisations. Researchers have revealed that there is a global pool of university graduates, who bear unreliable expertise for industria l and/or commercial activities. As a result, some organisations have sought new ways of maintaining their personnel through talent development. For instance, McDonnell (2011) reveals the Asian case where leaders emphasize the development of employee talents more than in any other place on the globe. A survey conducted by Levy et al. (2007) revealed that over 60 percent of the companies in Asian countries reported less satisfaction experienced from the performance of new employees. As a result, these companies advocate for the development of employee skills in order to nurture and maintain their talents. This strategy builds the companies’ confidence in the performance of their employees, and thus enhances the need to retain them. Besides Asia, other countries such as China, India, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe have recently embraced the development of talents for employees. Concisely, the development of talents develops the overall specialisation skills a nd experience of employees. Hence, it improves both personal and organisational performance (Spitulnik 2011). The Local War on Talent War for talent is not only a challenge at the global arena but also an impasse at the local level. Many local companies have also found themselves in the fight for skilled professionals to take on crucial managerial positions (Levy et al. 2007). The local companies are as good as the multinational corporations. While the multinational corporations rule the global economy, the local business firms and enterprises run the regional economy. A major challenge that faces the local companies is the mobility of talents to foreign countries. Many companies underpay their skilled workforce owing to varying economic status quos for diverse countries across the globe. Consequently, skilled workers seek better compensations from the global labour market. To a considerable extent, mobility deprives the local companies of competent talents. Ng (2013) confirms that there is improper coordination of local talents in many countries across continents. There is a misalignment of the education system with the employment sector. So many scholars graduate from local universities only to miss their career job opportunities due to unavailable opportunities for their pursued degree programme. Others end up in underemployment in very different sectors that do not match with their learned skills. Leaders of local companies have to develop and retain local talents in order to foster job specialisation and adequacy of the required skills. Conclusion The war for talent remains an inevitable practice for multinational companies. Local companies have no exception too. The competition for experts is the determinant for the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives. Therefore, worldwide multinational companies will continue investing huge sums of their finances to facilitate the recruitment of talented workforce through rigorous examination of their skills and leadership abilities. In addition, the mobility of talents is an ever-growing phenomenon as companies seek talents from the best workforce developers of the world. China, in particular, is the world’s leading importer of talents due to its state of declining population. Researchers and policymakers have to deliberate on the best ways that companies could use in order to integrate global talents and mobility. Development of proper strategies and approaches to talent management is unavoidable for the success of both local and global businesses. Reference List Burkus, D Osula, B 2011, ‘Faulty Intel in the War for Talent: Replacing the Assumptions of Talent Management with Evidence-based Strategies’, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 1-9. Chambers, E.G, Foulon, M, Handfield-Jones, H, Hankin, M Michaels, G 1998, ‘The War for Talent’, The McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 1 no. 3, pp. 44-57. Ju, S 2013, ‘Global Talent War 2 .0: From â€Å"Hiring† to â€Å"Utilization†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, SERI Quarterly, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 79-82. Klein, S 2013, ‘If you want to survive the talent war†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Smart Business Houston, vol. 8 no. 7, pp.11-11. Larkan, K 2009, Winning the Talent War: The 8 Essentials, Marshall Cavendish Business, Singapore. Levy, O, Beechler, S, Taylor, S Boyacigiller, N 2007, ‘What we talk about when we talk about ‘global mindset’: managerial cognition in multinational corporations’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 231–258. Martin, A 2013, ‘New War on Talent’, Leadership Excellence, vol. 30 no.9, p. 7. McDonnell, A 2011, ‘Still Fighting the ‘War for Talent’? Bridging the Science Versus Practice Gap’, Journal of Business Psychology, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 169-173. Ng, T 2013, ‘The global war for talent: responses and challenges in the Singapore higher education systemâ€⠄¢, Journal of Higher Education Policy Management, vol. 35 no. 3, pp. 280-292. Spitulnik, J 2006, ‘Cognitive development needs and performance in and aging workforce’, Organization Development Journal, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 44–53. This essay on War for Talent was written and submitted by user Yusuf Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spoken English - Definition and Examples

Spoken English s Definition: The ways in which the English language is transmitted through a conventional system of sounds. Compare to written English. Spoken English, says linguist David Crystal, is the more natural and widespread mode of transmission, though ironically the one which most people find much less familiarpresumably because it is so much more difficult to see what is happening in speech than in writing (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed., 2003). In recent years, linguists have found it easier to see what is happening in speech through the availability of corpus resourcescomputerized databases containing real life examples of both spoken and written English. The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999) is a contemporary reference grammar of English based on a large-scale corpus. The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology. See also: Speech (Linguistics)ColloquialConversationConversation AnalysisDialogueKey Events in the History of the English LanguagePresent-Day English (PDE)Standard EnglishVernacularWhat Is Standard English? Examples and Observations: Academic Bias Against Spoken English[L]inguists have inevitably had a long-standing and intensive contact with standard English. The nature of standard English as primarily a written variety, together with the immersion of academics in written English, does not augur well for their recognition of structures that may be more typical of spoken English than written English.(Jenny Cheshire, Spoken Standard English. Standard English: The Widening Debate, ed. by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. Routledge, 1999) The Relationship Between Spoken and Written English[I]n the course of the languages history, the relationship between spoken and written English has come nearly full circle. Throughout the Middle Ages, written English predominately served transcript functions, enabling readers to represent earlier spoken words or (oral) ceremony, or to produce durable records of events, ideas, or spoken exchange. By the seventeenth century, the written (and printed) word was developing its own autono mous identity, a transformation that matured in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and first half of the twentieth centuries. (However, through at least the end of the nineteenth century, spoken rhetorical skills were also seen as critically important to people with social and educational aspirations.) Since World War II, written English (at least in America) has increasingly come to reflect everyday speech. While writing on-line with computers has hastened this trend, computers didnt initiate it. As writing growingly mirrors informal speech, contemporary spoken and written English are losing their identity as distinct forms of language.(Naomi S. Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading. Routledge, 2000) Teaching IlliteracyOne main danger is that spoken English continues to be judged by the codified standards of written English, and that teaching pupils to speak standard English may, in fact, be to teach them to speak in formal written English. A test of spoken English may become a test of ones abilities to speak a very restricted codea formal English used routinely by dons, civil servants, and cabinet ministers. It is not very far removed from the language of formal debate. Such a view of spoken English can produce an artificial and unnatural English and can even promote a kind of illiteracy which is as damaging to users of English as not being able to write literate English; for to have everyone speaking and writing only one codea standard written English codegenerates an illiteracy almost as grave as would be the case if everyone were only able to use a local dialect.(Ronald Carter, Investigating English Discourse: Language, Literacy, and Literature. Routledge, 1997) Henry Sweet on Spoken English (1890)The unity of spoken English is still imperfect: it is still liable to be influenced by local dialectsin London itself by the cockney dialect, in Edinburgh by the Lothian Scotch dialect, and so on. . . . [I]t changes from generation to generation, and is not absolutely uniform even among speakers of the same generation, living in the same place and having the same social standing.(Henry Sweet, A Primer of Spoken English, 1890) The Value of Teaching Spoken English (1896)Not only should English grammar be taught with reference to the nature of language and the history of English, but it should also take account of the spoken, as distinct from the written, form. The reasons for this seem to me many and excellent. For instance, it is a misfortune that the English language makes its appeal to the educated mind, mainly through the written and printed form. The appeal to the ear and the appeal to the eye, which should strengthen one another, are thus distinctly separate and divergent. Our orthography encourages this separation. It is, therefore, the more important that textbooks of grammar should make some attempt to counteract this tendency.(Oliver Farrar Emerson, The Teaching of English Grammar, 1896) The Lighter Side of Spoken EnglishIf Opals goin to be a school-teacher, mebbe she wants summat to practice on, grinned her father.Oh, Pa, you mustnt say summatit isnt a word, remonstrated his daughter.Aint a word ! shouted her father with increasing excitement. Well, hear that! How do you know it aint a word?It isnt in the dictionary, said Opal.Shucks, disparaged Pa, whats the dictionary got to do with it? The words that git into the dictionary aint common talkin words nohow; theyre written wordsnobody puts talk into a dictionary.Why not? questioned Opal, astonished at her fathers apparent knowledge of the making of dictionaries.Cause why? Cause spoken words is too lively for emwho can go round and keep track of every word thats spoke? I can make up a hull mouthful myself, and no dictionaryll ever know anything about itsee?(Bessie R. Hoover, A Graduated Daughter. Everybodys Magazine, December 1909)

On International Environmental Law †Book Summary

On International Environmental Law – Book Summary Free Online Research Papers On International Environmental Law Book Summary International Environmental Law in a Nutshell, which is written by Lakshman D. Guruswamy and Brent R. Hendricks, introduces the relevant concepts of international environmental law(IEL), contemplates the socio- scientific evidence confronting lawmakers and addresses the resulting corpus of substantive law. Expert authors cover international environmental problems such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. Generally, this book can be divided into three parts: Part one, which consists of Chapter one, two and three, discusses the basic concepts of the international environmental law, such as the definition of the international environmental law, the sources and forms of the international environmental law and so on. Part two, including fourteen chapters, from Chapter Four to Chapter Seventeen, emphasizes the specific international environmental problems, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change and etc. Part Three, the last part, Chapter Eighteen, draws the blueprint of the future of the international environmental law. The first part of this book (Chapter one, two and three) illustrates the basic and important concepts of the international environmental law, which can help students, especially the ones who have not studied the IEL at all, clearly understand what the IEL is, what makes the IEL different from the other international laws, what constitutes the IEL and how the IEL become effective. Although the definition of the IEL can be diverse, this book gives the most understandable one to the students. In the first page of this book, it is written that â€Å"International Environmental Law (IEL) bears a name that reflects the content. At its substantive core, IEL endeavors to control pollution and the depletion of natural resources within a framework of sustainable development†¦ IEL is formally a branch of nation states for nation states, to govern problems that arise between nation states. † Then, the authors distinguish the IEL from traditional international law in two aspects. â€Å"First, its creation and vigorous, if uneven growth, owe much to national environmental laws and policies. Nation states frequently have entered into landmark international agreements and practices, driven largely by the momentum of law, regulation, and policies applicable to their own environmental problems, and not necessarily because of the gravity of international problems. Second, the law- making in IEL has been shaped primarily by bio- physical not geo- political forces, and this communal foundation has at times sheltered it from the disfiguring political dissension found in other areas of international law. These two factors have inevitably, albeit asymmetrically, infused the objectives of national environmental regulatory laws, and the conceptual frameworks of environmental sciences, into the corpus of IEL. † To wholly study IEL, it is crucial for students to grasp the substantive corpus of the IEL. And in authors’ view, there are several types of the sources of the IEL: treaties, customary law, general principles of law and judicial decisions. 1,Treaties â€Å"are written agreements governed by international law, entered into between two or more states, creating or restating legal rights and duties.† Treaties are the principle source of IEL, owing to the nature of environmental problems. â€Å"These problems range over a wide spectrum of future contingencies. Moreover, they demand continuous observation and monitoring, as well as quick legal action and implementation in response to ongoing and relatively rapid changes in scientific knowledge and conclusions†¦ None of the four sources of IEL can fulfill all of these requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And treaties, vague and nebulous, need to be interpreted so that they can be implemented. Usually, in the opinion of the authors , the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is perhaps the best known international courts, but the ICJ depends on the acquiescence of the parties for its jurisdiction. Also, the authors introduce the conflict between the treaties and other international laws. 2, Customary law â€Å"refers largely to unwritten law inferred from the conduct of states (practice) undertaken in the belief that they were bound to do so by law.† And customary law mainly comes from the forms, such as the national legislation, diplomatic notes and correspondence and statements and votes by governments in international organizations and forums of varying kinds and etc. One of the weaknesses of custom is that they are all unwritten and uncodified, so one way to remedy this shortcoming is to codify or re-state customary law, thus making it known and accessible. 3, General principles of law. It is of the great importance when some articles of a statute â€Å"need to be interpreted in accordance with its ordinary or plain meaning, in context, and in light of its object and purpose.† 4, Judicial decisions. â€Å"The statute of the ICJ restricts the role of judicial decisions to that of a ‘subsidiary means for the determination of riles of law’ however, judicial decisions still play an important role in any system of customary law by restating, codifying, and clarifying the often uncertain and usually unwritten customary law.† The authors also list the other sources of law, such as the writings of the most highly qualified publicists or scholars, resolutions, declarations, action plans and so on. In the first part of this book, the authors introduce the landmark developments of IEL from 1972 to the presentthe historical continuum, which helps us better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the subject. It includes five historical conferences that have influences on the development of the IEL; they are The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The 1982 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea. The World Commission on Environment and Development. The 1992 United Nation Conference on Environment and Development. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. What weights most in these three chapters is the implementation. It is said that â€Å"most international treaties require implementation within individual nation states. Implementation of treaty obligations, however, is hampered by the fact that the vertical command and control power structure governing domestic politics within nations is conspicuously absent within the international legal order. In international society, power or authority rests on a horizontal base made up of coequal sovereign states, and can be built into a pyramidal structure only if these nations consent to and join in such an endeavor. While piecemeal building upon the base has resulted in the substantive corpus of IEL noted in Chapter One, there is no overarching pyramid of authority consisting of law- making, law- interpreting, law- implementing, or law- enforcing institutions.† So, the authors start discussing the many international organizations that facilitate the implementation of IEL, the complia nce mechanism, the diplomatic avenues and judicial remedies. It is in the view of the authors that despite the impressive growth of IEL and its expanding domain, there is still no single institution or organization that serves environmental protection in the way that the World Trade Organization (WTO) advances, interprets, implements, and enforces the concept of free trade. The institutions and organizations enlisted to advance IEL are fractured, fragmented, and divided along functional, regional, bureaucratic, and geo- political lines. In the global area, there are institutions and organizations, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and so on. In th e regional area, there are many institutions also become a part of role in developing IEL, and European Union (EU) is the most advanced form of international organization in the world and is evolving into a continent- wide political confederation. Still, many treaties have set up institutional arrangements (or rudimentary international organizations) for their implementation. For example, the sporadic conference of the parties under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is one way to implement the treaties. And, the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly important role in IEL, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Although there are so many institutions and organizations in the World, they do not enjoy or exercise the power and authority of national legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that supervise and enforce the implementation of laws within nation states. Then, it is important that the substantive rules of international law should first possess an internal force or dynamic that makes sense to the parties and invokes an attitude of compliance rather than non-compliance. There are two ways that lead to compliance, first, treaty negotiators try to formulate and endow substantive rules with some compliance-generating character. Second, conventions or treaties also create institutions and techniques that induce compliance. The authors give some examples to illustrate how the two ways, especially latter way, form the compliance mechanism. Many environmental treaties require that parties explore diplomatic and other means of settling their differences before resorting to judicial or quasi-judicial dispute settlement. Such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and so on. Therefore, the diplomatic avenues become a way to settle the international environmental problems. Apart from regulatory regimes supervised by or through agencies established by treaty, judicial enforcement provides another avenue for securing compliance with the law. Judicial remedies may be used to obtain specific items of compliance and can act as deterrents by bringing embarrassment, perhaps ignominy, to bear on wrongdoing states. More commonly judicial or quasi-judicial remedies within IEL are invoked through inter-state litigation, and are based on the grievance remedial principles of â€Å"state responsibility† or international trot law. And then, the authors explain in detail on the judicial avenue to resort the problems caused by the traditional ways. 1, Jurisdiction, jurisdiction can prove to be a difficult obstacle. In the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict case, the ICJ defined the concept to include legal capacity or status, and held that it lacked jurisdiction because the WHO was unable to demonstrate legal capacity. However, d espite these defects, judicial remedies can prove to be an effective way of implementation the law if they are administered by a tribunal having compulsory and binding jurisdiction like the UNCLOS tribunals, and if the tribunals assume a more activist role in interpreting and applying the substantive law. 2, Accountability for transboundary environmental harms, in this part, the authors use the accountability for transboundary harms in 1955 to illustrate the specific way of how the ILC to deal with the codification of the law, including the application of SR, international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, civil liability, conclusion, the effectiveness of international environmental law, the relationship between IEL and domestic law,. In the second part of this book, the authors detailedly enumerate the problems that facing people, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. And in every single chapter, the authors usually illustrate in a way as the nature of the problem, and then the legal response. One, Population. Needless to say, the growth of global population has dramatically increased to an extent that the earth we live can no longer afford. On the basis of the statistics, â€Å"it took until approximately 1804 for the global population to reach 1 billion, this figure doubled to 2 billion by 1927- a span of only 123 years. The global population reached 3 billion in 1960 (33years); 4 billion in 1974 (14year); and 5 billion in 1987 (13year). It then took a mere 12 years for the global population to reach the current level of approximately 6 billion people in 1999.† And without doubt, the numbers will continue rising in the future, so what directly induces from the unchecked population growth is that the resources on the earth will not meet the need of everyone. Meantime, the environmental impacts of population growth are ubiquitous and universal. For instance, population growth has a direct impact on agricultural resources. The demand for food created from population growth has necess itated an increase in required cropland area at the expense of natural ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. In order to introduce the remedial objectives, the authors first illustrate the theories on population growth. They are the Malthusian apocalypse and neo-Malthusian, economic transition and redistributional theories of population growth. Although the two theories are poles apart, they both seriously believe that the growth of population must be checked. So, the authors relate on the legal response on the growth of population. The approach fashioned and proclaimed at the â€Å"Earth Summit† the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), hopes to integrate economic development, social development and environmental protection without compromising the needs of present and future generations. In the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, the result is a comprehensive plan that incorporates ideas from many theories. Though there is controversy in this Program of Action, this is one big step of humans to give methods on balancing the growth of population and other problems. Two, Biodiversity Biodiversity sustains life on earth by maintaining atmospheric quality, regulating local climates, absorbing pollutants, protecting watersheds, and generating and maintaining soils. Despite the fact that biodiversity plays an important role in the humans life, it is suffering from loss, and mainly based on the â€Å"use-value† of species and ecosystems, within economic, ecological, and aesthetic frameworks, also on ethical values, which are different than use-values and arises from a belief in the intrinsic worth of a species. The primary cause of the loss of biodiversity is habitat destruction resulting from the expansion of human population and activities. And other direct causes include invasion by introduced species, over-exploitation of biological resources, industrial agriculture and forestry, pollution, and potentially, global climate change. In order to meet people’s needs for biological resources while ensuring that those resources last indefinitely, it is crucial for all the humans to conserve the species biodiversity, and it must be based on global frameworks of equity and justices as well as sustainable development. And the legal response to the conservation includes the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity, Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. The CBD is a framework treaty which possesses only the power to seek appropriate forms of cooperation with the executive bodies of other biodiversity conventions. And in order to fully understand this treaty, the authors bring us to the two overriding principles in this framework convention: (1) Equity and Resources Transfers, (2) Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use). After the authors pay more attention to detailedly illustrate the two principles and thus we can see how important these two principles are in the framework treaty. The Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity is a supplementary agreement to the CBD, which acted upon the Art 19(3) of CBD: â€Å"The parties shall consider the need for and modalities of a proto col setting out appropriate procedures, including, in particular, advance informed agreement, in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of any living modified organism resulting from biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.† And thus the protocol aims at the detailed aspect on the biotechnology which can make a contribution towards achieving the objectives of the Convention if developed and used with adequate safety measures for the environment and human health. The International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity includes: The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES), The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Mig ratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Conservation). The Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. They include a cluster of treaties protecting the Antarctic and so on. Three, Global Climate Change When referring to the global climate, one will mention the Greenhouse gases (GHGs), and the past several years had witnessed the on and on discharging of carbon dioxide, and significant quantities of other GHGs such as methane and nitrous oxide, all of these have altered the natural distribution of atmospheric gases that blanket the earth. According to the statistics, the atmospheric CO levels will increase to between 540 ppm to 970 ppm by2100, which is respectively 90% to 250% higher than the concentration in the late 1700s. Today’s CO concentration of approximately 370 ppm is about 95 ppm greater than the pre-industrial concentration. This could correspond to a mean global temperature increase from 1.4? to 5.8?,an increase range that is two to ten times larger than the central value of observed warming over the 20th century. And scientists predict that if the trend continues in the future, the global climate will be changed greatly that cannot be reversed, and will do harm t o not only the humans themselves, but also the plants and animals living on the earth, maybe one day what happened in the science fiction will come true. Then a cluster of remedies objectives have been set forth in the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Changes (UNFCCC), and the ultimate objective is to achieve â€Å"†¦stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would present dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. † The international legal responses to the threat of climate change or global warming are not only found in the UNFCCC, but also in the Tokyo protocol to the UNFCCC. On the basis of the UNFCCC and the Tokyo protocol, the authors discussed the substantive obligations, institutions and implementation, outstanding issues, and implications. 1, Substantive obligations. It is important not only for the developed countries but also the less-developed countries to cooperate together to solve the climate problems.2, Institutions and implementation. The authors specifically introduce how to implement the convention; they are conference of the parties, secretariat, subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice, subsidiary body for implementation, financial mechanism. 3, Outstanding issues. In this part, the authors quote the famous issues concerning the implementation, such as joint implementation, technology transfer and financing, adaptation, and costs?benefits. 4, Implications. The a uthors talked about the small problems involving the implementation, and give some suggestions. Four, Ozone Depletion Ozone is a shield to protect living organisms and humans on earth from exposing to a range of adverse consequences. However, research data has largely concluded that human activities are causing the ozone depletion. In order to restore the ozone shield and prevent the future enlarging of the ozone hole, it is necessary to prohibit the use of damaging chemicals. And legal responses to this include the Vienna Ozone Convention, the Montreal Protocol, adjustments and amendments, transfers, trade restrictions, technological and financial assistance, and the impact of the regime. There are abundant ideas in this part and this will help students to better understand the problem of the ozone depletion. Five, Antarctica Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, iciest, driest and highest major landmass on earth. The fifth largest continent in the world, Antarctica comprises around 9% of the earth’s continental crust and is approximately twice the size of Australia. However, only a tiny fraction of the continent itself is visible, as 98% of its 5.4 million square miles is buried beneath an immense sheet of ice. Antarctica means to humans not only the scientific and archeological importance but also the economic and political consequence. Unfortunately, over the last half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula region has grown warmer. Given that the 90% of the world’s ice located in Antarctica, were this ice to melt the sea level would rise some 200feet- dramatically impacting human and other forms of life across the entire planet. Considering the threat to the Antarctica, in 1959 the 12 claimant and nonclaimant states met to resolve the problem and eventually sighing a compromise treaty- the Antarctica Treaty. Within the 1959 Antarctica Treaty area, the 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctica Seals limits harvesting of three species of seals. And 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic marine living resources aims to conserve all living resources found south of the Antarctic Convergence. And 1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention. 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol chose to create an environmental protocol to the 1959 treaty. Six, Toxic and Hazardous Substances Toxic and hazardous substances can cause significant damage in small, even minuscule, amounts. They are among the pollutants responsible for transboundary air and water pollution, as well as land-based pollution and dumping. About 95% of all hazardous pollutants are created by industries that generate four primary groups of toxic and hazardous chemicals. They are toxic metals, petrochemicals, pesticides and radioactive materials. Toxics often impact ecological food chains by bio-accumulating in the tissues of aquatic organisms and this does harm to the humans and living organisms deeply. Legal responses to the toxic and hazardous substances include toxic and hazardous substances in general, before 1998, no international treaty existed regarding the distribution and use of hazardous substances across all media. In the absence of such a treaty, the FAO and UNEP filled this gap with two sets of voluntary guidelines. After there is prior informed consent, such as 2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of information on Chemicals in International Trade, Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. In light of hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa, the International Convention on Li ability and Compensation for damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea. Seven, Land-based pollution At least 80% of all marine pollution comes from sources that are located on land, and it has loomed more problematic to the extent that urban growth has departed from principles of sustainable development, and environmental protection has been ignored or minimized by economic growth. In general, there are eight groups of pollutants that are deposited into the ocean from land-based sources: chemical nutrients, sewage and bacterial agents, oil, organic chemicals, metals, sediments and litter, radioactive substances, heat. Though land-based sources contribute the highest percentage of marine pollution, the international commitment to controlling these wastes remains understandably low. Only the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution from Land-based Sources, the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. Eight, Vessel-based Pollution The transportation of crude oil or refined products results in the release of approximately 136,000 tons of petroleum per year into the oceans of the world. And this will cause harm not only to the sea itself but also the humans and the living organisms. International law has responded to the harms, the 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000. Nine, Dumping Many types of wastes that are difficult to dispose of on land have traditionally been dumped directly into oceans and rivers without regulation. This includes many hazardous materials, such as sewage, industrial effluents, sludges, radioactive wastes and polluted dredged spoils. Thus, to reduce the harm, international legal responses include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. Ten, Conservation of Marine Living Resources The Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface and human depend on the oceans for their living, however, without protection, the oceans will not be capable for the future of the next generation, so, it is the time to protect the oceans. The legal responses to the protection of the Oceans include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNEP regional seas programme, International Convention for the Regulation of Whalting. Eleven, Transboundary Air Pollution Human demands lead to a number of physical processes and activities that convert raw materials, energy, and labor into desired finished products. Diverse pollutants are introduced into the environment during various stages of these production and consumption cycles. In this part, the authors mention the famous case- 1941Trail Smelter Arbitration. This case has since become the basis for the general prohibition against transboundary environment harm that was definitely restated in the 1992 Rio Declaration: States have , in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Also, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution is the treaty that regulates the transboundary pollution. Twelve, Transboundary Water Pollution Waters cover the face of the earth. And we have seen that the environmental health of the oceans is critical to humanity. However, the healthy waters have become polluted because of human activities. Meantime, pollution introduces into rivers, watercourses, and coastal waters of one state can affect another through transport, diffusion or dispersion. International and Regional ways include Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes. And also the authors mention some famous cases on the transboundary water pollution, which become the rules for the future solving problems. Thirteen, Desertification Desertification refers to the process of climate change and human impacts that create desert environments in â€Å"drylands†- the arid, semi-arid, or dry sub-humid regions of the world. Human activities, driven by population growth, energy needs, and the lack of land have led to over-cultivation- the farming of land beyond its sustainable fertility. Desertification raises questions common to other international environmental problems, and must be addressed within the conceptual framework of sustainable development. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and development adopted Agenda 21, a program for sustainable development, which recommended preventive measures for threatened or slightly degraded drylands and rehabilitative measures for moderately or severely degraded drylands. Fourteen, Nuclear Damage The military use of nuclear bombs can lead to unparalleled suffering, especially the radiation, radiation can cause destructive chemical changes, and when harmful radiation strikes human tissue, it strips electrons or neutrons of the molecules and atoms and thereby kills or damages human cells. And it has the power to destroy all civilization and the entire ecosystems of the planet. So, fear of such destruction has led the international community to seek way of containing and eliminating the nuclear threat from both military and civilian sources. To ban all together the nuclear weapons and find other ways to substitute for the civilian nuclear uses are the best method to control the nuclear damage, however, it is unreal to realize this, so the authors discuss the international way concerning the protection from the nuclear damage. The last part of this book mainly talks on the future of the international environmental law, although the international community has done much concerning the protection of our environment, the road ahead still in the twists and turns. International Environmental Law in a Nutshell is a very useful book that not only for the students, who study the IEL, but also the handbook to the teachers and students who have well known the IEL. 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