Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency - 2750 Words

Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) (Essay Sample) Content: IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY Students NameCriminal lawDate IntroductionImmigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) is among United States investigative departments. In the Homeland Security department, it is the largest arm. The investigative department of United States has more than 6500 special agents working in different cities in U.S. Apparently; the special agents cover over 200 cities in United States and as well other 47 nations. ICE is responsible for enforcing both immigration and custom laws in United States. It comes second from FBI in the law enforcement of the government. Officers in the ICE department of law enforcement monitor illegal businesses taking place in United States, illegal immigrants entering United States and illegal immigrants working in United States. More so, working with the custom department in United States, the law enforcement department monitors smuggling of goods in the United States territories. The paper is an analysis of Immigration and Custom Enforcement Agency (ICE). History and formation of ICEIn United States, immigration became an issue when the country received a wave of European and Asian immigrants. In this period, the number of immigrants in United States increased. Therefore, different cities had different laws and policies governing immigration process. However, in 1875 the federal government of United States ruled the policy of cities governing and controlling their immigration policies and made it its responsibility of controlling the immigration process. During this period, the government developed different offices playing the role of controlling immigrants from other nations into the U.S where they processed their information, admitted them and as well in other cases rejected their admission to United States. This was a success to the nation in meeting the objective of controlling immigration in United States.However, the nation faced a similar problem dealing with immig ration during the First World War. However, in this period, the nation implemented a control policy through the already existing offices. The immigration department provided a limited number of visas to the nation and as well issued quota based on census figures. Due to the limited visas and quota policy adopted by the government, illegal immigration to the nation began. In addition, United States experienced a period of smuggling of immigrants along their physical borders. This raised concern over review of immigration enforcement laws and later made the federal government to conduct a Border Patrol. Deportation of illegal immigrants followed as a control measure of reducing and controlling immigrants in the nation. Immigrants in any nation pose a threat to the security of the nation and appear as causes and implementers or terror attacks taking place in any nations. Similarly, in United States, in September 11 2001, when the nation experienced a terrorists attack that left many c itizens dead, the federal government reviewed its immigration policies and implemented laws aiming at controlling the number of illegal immigrants in the nation. On the other hand, since the terrorists had illegally hijacked United States commercial lines, the federal government immediately reviewed its government operations based on the immigration and internal security of the nation. Other internal security departments and agencies erupted in the nation. In 2003, Department of Homeland Security started. Later, under the Department of Homeland Security, the nation created the Immigration and Custom Enforcement agency. The agency was responsible for effectively enforcing the immigration laws developed and as well impose customs on illegal smuggling of goods into the nations. Furthermore, this agency was to protect United States from terror attacks (information reviewed from; ALLGOV; Everything Our Government Really Does; U.S. Immigration and Custom Enforcement ICE). The ICE happens to be the biggest investigative component of the Homeland Security. The taskforce also ticks in second on the list of largest contributors to the Joint Terrorism Task Force in the nation. Roles of Immigration and Custom Enforcement Agency in United StatesThe agency has a responsibility of governing the federal laws of United States. Its responsibilities vary from ensuring no illegal and smuggling of goods take place at the borders. More so, the agency governs criminal laws and as well civil laws influencing trade and customs in United States. The agency is investigative in nature since it has a high reliance on undercover agents while carrying out its activities in United States. Apparently, its operation gains support from cooperative defendants that aid them in gaining access to illegal immigrants in the nation. As seen earlier, the agency began after United States faced a terror attack in 2011. Therefore, the agencys top priority was preventing terror attacks and as well preven ting other hostile nations from attaining access to the United States secret weapons. The agency plays crucial roles of detecting and as well preventing terrorist attacks. The agency does so by intercepting communications, attack preparations, financial support and limiting the entry into the US especially for suspects. The ICE has a National Security Division, which is in charge of the terrorist attacks and works closely with the FBI. The agency takes the fight against terrorism as a very serious course. The ICE has the mandate to singling out people who pose as the terrorist or are suspect of committing terror crimes. The agency then goes ahead to detain a suspected terrorist for questioning until they can find the information they are in search of. In such cases, the ICE can end up being successful while other time there is nothing really to find out from the suspects. The only thing is to find that the suspect was an innocent citizen and the agency has no option but to let such people free. Similarly, as with other security agencies in other nations, ICE comprises of different departments performing different roles. Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations (ASTI) department is one unit in the agency that is responsible for investigating violations of sensitive technology from United States and as well access of hostile nations to United states weapons. The unit educates manufacturers on exportation laws and gives them assistance in ensuring that they are not prone to terrorists and as well other nations. Interrelation with other security departments in United StatesMost people confuse the functions of the ICE with those of the U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). More so, there is a great confusion between the U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) with the ICE. Nevertheless, despite the interrelation between the agencies, there lies a great difference in the agencies responsibilities in implementing federal laws in United States. The Un ited States CBP is in charge of protecting borders of the nation. The agency is supposed to prevent the entry of terrorists and weapons which may belong to the terrorist from entering into the U.S territory. The USCIS takes responsibility when it comes to: organization of immigration and naturalization mediation capacities and securing movement administrations arrangements and necessities. Compared to the functions of the two agencies, the role of the Ice is very clear and in no way compromises the responsibilities of the USCIS and CBP. The ICE is not only concerned with the threats to nations borders: it also caters for the security of infrastructure, economy and the transport sector. The Immigrations and Customs Enforcement comprises of a combination of the former US Customs, some departments within the Federal Protective Service and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The combination of all these taskforces into one single agency was to make a stronger agency with a common goal: safeguarding immigration law and service in matters of national security. National security is one of the key factors for any government to consider. Without national security, the economy of a nation is put at risk and so many other factors. Therefore, national security should rather be an obligation and not an option to the government in power. The functions that were under the Immigration and Naturalization Service are now divided into the whole agency under different players. The ICE particularly deals with the deportation of illegal immigrants as one of its major duties. The agency is also supposed to deal with the state, local and federal agencies. The corporation between the above parties ensures that the national security is put first without compromise. The workers of the agency are also tasked with the responsibility of managing the ICE Detention Centers. Organization of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency in enforcing criminal laws The leadership o f the ICE is under a director whose appointment is done by the President at the Sub- Cabinet level. The appointment, however, has to be approved by the Senate. The director of the ICE, however has a responsibility of making reports to the Secretary of Homeland Security. The agency has over twenty thousand employees, situated in all the fifty offices and others in forty-seven foreign counties. The agency runs on a budget of over $5.6 billion, and the agency has two major operation units: Homeland Security Services and Enforcement and Removal Operations. The current Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is Thomas S. Winkowski. Winkowski was elected to the position on March 16, 2014. In his position, Mr. Winkowski is tasked with the responsibility promoting homeland security and safeguarding the safety of the public. In his aid, there are about four hundred federal laws...

Analysis Of The Bell Jar A Streetcar Named Desire ...

Compare and contrast the imagery of death and decay in the opening sections of ‘The Bell Jar’, ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and ‘Hamlet’. Sylvia Plath’s 1963 novel ‘The Bell Jar’, Tennessee Williams’ 1947 play ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and William Shakespeare’s 1603 play ‘Hamlet’, share many similarities, albeit there are also differences, in the way in which the themes of death and decay are presented. Sylvia Plath’s poor mental health, which subsequently lead to her suicide on February 11th 1963, may be seen to be reflected in her novel, ‘The Bell Jar’. Death may be deemed to have a lack of meaning throughout her novel due to the casual manner in which the protagonist and narrator, Esther Greenwood, deals with death. Esther’s father passed away when she was nine years old, and she feels that his death marked the point at which she changed, resulting in her mental health becoming unstable. However, along with her mother, she ‘had never cried for [her] father’s death’ (p.159). This clearly demonstrates how Esther deals with death; it is a necessary part of life, and to Esther, as aforementioned, her mental health has caused her to view death as more desirable than ‘sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in [her] own sour air’ (p. 178). Moreover, Esther’s numerous attempts at s uicide remind the reader that Esther believes the only ‘way out’ is death. For example, in Chapter Thirteen, Esther asks her friend Cal, how he would kill

A Literature Review On Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3616 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Terrorism has deep history science the cold war but this issue become most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international business community in various ways. On one hand the world business community was affected financially, the other hand it suffers due to legal and security issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Literature Review On Terrorism" essay for you Create order The international business between countries was most seriously affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed countries were compulsion to protect their territory and people on the cost of business with the rest of the world. Many businesses found themselves floundering financially in the months after the terrorist attack on world Trade Centre, while businesses located in world trade centre lost their personal and business locations. According to U.S department of state (2002) more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks only in the United States in September 11, 2001. The attacks were the conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. According to the overview of European commission (2001) this was the one of the major event in the past decades which diversifies the viewpoint and outlook of people around the world. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term perspectives of the businesses around the world. Czinkota (2002) cited that terrorism influenced long term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries. In this competitive age, the business environment is changing dramatically. The international business has culminated in a global economy, with diverging cultures. But, there are strong protests against globalization echoing its destabilizing effects from many corners of the world. Terrorism can be seen, in substantial part, as a result of this backlash to the businesses. There are number of definitions of terrorism, in the world of Alexander et al (1979) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorism is a threat or use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal by means of intimidation fear, and coercionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the present world context, the European Union (2001) define the terrorism relevant to international business in the following words. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Terrorist offences are certain criminal offenc es set out in a list comprised largely of serious offences against persons and property which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: seriously intimidating a population; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In UK terrorism is not new phenomenon but businesses were highly affected due to September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incident. Although the economic impact on UK businesses has not been detrimental as initially feared but it is very important not to diminish the impact of even small unforeseen costs can have on businesses in particular. However many UK businesses were relived that tangible impact of terrorist attacks had been very small but busin ess confidence is the key and has inevitably been affected in short term. The biggest economic impacts of past twenty years terrorist attacks is the damage to confidence in the UK businesses and people. This study is another attempt to research and investigates the impacts of terrorism on the UK businesses activities and we will also discuss different approaches for reducing and handling the terrorism threats. 1.1 Research Aim: The aim of this research is to analyse and explore the economic effects of terrorism on businesses in the United Kingdom. The second part of this research is to critically analyse and recommend the most appropriate strategies for management to deal with the terrorist threats or scrutinize the different business strategic views to avoid and minimise the impact of terrorism on UK businesses. 1.2 Research Objectives: This research has the following individual objectives: Critically analyse the economic impact of terrorism on UK organizations and the entire economy in UK. Evaluate the managerial performance in organizations, before, during and after the happening of the terrorist attacks and in uncertain environment. 1.3 Research Questions: What are the economic effects of terrorism on business? How to development strategy for managers or adopt a better approaches to deal with above mentioned issues? 2. Literature Review: In this era terrorism is arguably one of the biggest threats to the business around the world. It can take many shapes and forms. The last twenty years have seen a dramatic rise in terrorism. Terrorism did not begin in 21st century after World Trade Centre terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. The terrorism history is as old as humansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ willingness to use violence to affect politics. Europe, United States and other continents have a very long and sad history of terrorist attacks. In past century IRA in UK, ETA in Spain, Brigate Rosse in Itely, Rote Armee Fraktion in Germany, 7 November in Greece are the few worse examples of terrorist groups in Europe. In United States we remember the bombing in Oklahoma City in 1994, World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. But September 11 2001 attacks have changed the world, as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“none of the issue that faced us on 11 September 2001 has be come less urgentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Now the terrorism has grown to an unprecedented limit and in multiplicity. As we know that, even terrorist without the use of weapons of mass destruction can kill thousands of people and destroy businesses (Gabriele G.S. Suder 2004). According to Blomberg et al 2004 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorism is associated with a diversion of spending from investment to governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expenditureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. To fund these government expenditures, they borrow from foreign financial institutions and governments. The develop countries with less volatile currencies normally issue long term debts to cover the deficit and less developing countries confronting terrorism by government spending through sale of foreign reserves, printing more currency and increasing inflation. Gupta Clements (2004) reached the same conclusion, that the terrorist activities severe impacts on less develop countries than developed from monetary policy perspective. Terrorism has it s massive effects on economy and business activities. It effects deleteriously on marketing strategies, buyer demand and market supply effect immensely. Most firms operating in the affected area gets impact from the thrust of government policies to quell terrorism. This kind of wide-spread results predict an escalate attractiveness of terrorism, as part for that group which assume to develop the core of businesses. It is impossible to secure all of the targets of terrorism at the same time. In the number of attacks done by small terrorist groups with least resources the loss was massive. If costs of an attack be measured by the loss which businesses faced, the businesses always paid far great amount than the cost to terrorist group. Hoffman (1998) cited that the cost of the bomb was not more than $400, which was the reason of the loss of $550 millions in the blast of World Trade Centre 1993. The amount which is sending to protect the world from terrorism is many billion dollars, whi le the terrorist cost nothing in front of it. This threat of terrorism attacks poses a continuous threat and create atmosphere of risk for the businesses. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories adopt term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"uncertaintyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a factor of unpredictable environment which may influence the performance of firms in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. Businesses internationally and locally particularly affected by terrorism because when some thing happen it disrupt the supply chain and business activities in addition to interrupt information flows, and effects on the demand for industrial side as well as consumer side. Every year more than trillion dollars are spent on combating terrorism. This along with billons dollars lost in property damage, loss of human resources and decrease in key industries potential pr ofit. It is a plague on global economy and affects on everyone from entire countries to all the way down to individual. Terrorism in recent years has sparked, increase in fear and demand higher level of security. The cost of terrorism can be broken down into number of areas and come down to direct effects, response costs and negative effects on key industries. For example, Manchester bombing was carried out by IRA in 1996 targeted the city centre infrastructure and economy caused widespread damage. According to the BBC News (2004), over 400 businesses within the half a mile of the blast were affected and 40% of which did not recover. Another example of terrorist attack on businesses is Baltic Exchange bombing 1992, which damaged the Exchange and surrounding buildings and caused  £800 millions worth of damage. The latest terrorist attacks in UK was July 7 London bombing, which had massive effects on UK businesses. According to the LCCI (2005) report, business confidence in Lon don had slumped to the lowest levels not seen since the start of Iraq war. Because, terrorist attacks disrupt supply chain and other business activities. Alexander (2004) says in his book Business Confronts Terrorism, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s implication on business merits closer scrutiny given its relation to economic security. Terror metamorphoses business causing business to deal with current threats and craft plans to reduce future challenges. Terrorists weaken society and business through their manipulation of economic systems componentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Terrorism interrupts information flows and effects on the demand form both business and consumer side. This falling demand may have different outcomes which may comprises of losses of customers contracts, customer trust, reduces market share, decline in turnover and profitability and also result business failure. For example according to the LCCA report, UK tourism industry badly effected by July 7 terrorist att acks. The Guardianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research shows that after July 7 Bombing, Londoners themselves who are leaving the centre in the evening rather than the tourists. Within a month after these attacks, it has been estimated that terrorism cost UK tourism industry in excess of  £300 million. According to U.S Department of state (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorist select businesses for attack compare to other targetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The most kind of attack is bomb blast, although armed attacks and kidnapping are also some kinds of terrorist attacks. According to Council of Foreign Relations (2002) report, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the majority of victims in terrorist attack are civilians and the relatively large number of business may not prepare to face these kinds of risksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Managers and decision makers remain confident about handling unexpected risk. However the scenario has changed as it was at the time of terrorist attack in 9/11. Kunreuther et al (2003) cited that during the days of terrorist attacks in 9/11 a common feeling came into mind of people that it could be me. But with the passage of time this may give way to may be it will not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ next time. This kind of behaviour is more common now a day in south Asia. But it is a common thinking that it is extremely easy for terrorist that to attack any where in the world. Even in low cost and low tech attacks terrorists achieve to disrupt the world economy. After the September 11 terrorist attacks many UK international organisations have badly affected legally because new laws introduced and they struggle to keep up with new rules and regulations imposed by international community in the effort to prevent further terrorist attacks. Anne Slaughter (2005) cited that new international laws restricted the companies for shipping goods across international borders and requires them to keep proper track of their activities. The anti terrorist laws have made very complicated for organizations to conduct their business activities across the international borders as a result many organisations have restructured theirs companies to allow them to meet demands of international anti terror laws. Another major issue that effect the international organizations is security and they have to invest huge amount of money to improve both internal and external security. External security is most important because terrorist target organizations to achieve their targets. Internal security also need to improve to ensure that organisation have financial records, employees records and ensure that employees do not have any criminal backgrounds or involved in terrorist activities in the past. It is vital for all organizations that they protect themselves and their stakeholders from terrorist activities. The international organizations should not underestimate the impact of terrorism because they make billions dollars each year and provide employment millions of people aroun d the world. In this modern era, it is very easy for terrorist to attack international organizations in such a way that they would stop them from operating in an effective manner. It is very difficult to explain, why terrorism has become the major problem for big and international organizations. Modern terrorism is particularly onerous, because of characteristic of its impact. The impact of terrorism on macroeconomic is crucial, customers feel themselves in stress and some kind of continuous fear which definitely effects the spending patterns. Managerial behaviour in macro economy also feels consequences of terrorism. Media have its vital role in ending fear among the society but very often it fails. Many of times, because of the irresponsible reporting it generates scenes of ever present possibility of terrorist act. According to Crenshaw (1990) the new and fastest ways of communication allow people to know about happens in the other part of the world within minutes about any te rrorist attack. On the other hand terrorist groups are adopting the latest techniques to communicate with each other and even sometime just for spreading fear with in the specific community to achieve their targets. Czinkota et al (2004) cited that terrorist also using old traditional ways to communicate which are unable to penetrate. The latest ways of transportation system gives terrorist groups better way to move around. The impact of terrorism can be calculated from a number of ways. According to Czinkota et al (2004) the micro level research is a moderate degree of research. It help to analyze effects of terrorism on specific regions, value chain or cross industry level, but can be determine and examine more specifically than those of macro level. When terrorist events happens if effects businesses direct and indirect way and disrupt the economic process. To make the effects of the terrorist activities stronger terrorist groups try to make businesses their direct targets. Bu siness are more attractive target for those groups as their presence is everywhere and their aftermaths are more deep on society and on the economics. 2.1 Conclusion: Terrorism effects business activates deeply. This threat compel almost every department of business which cause decline in the profit of firm and on the other side the whole economy has to bear the cost of every single act of terrorism. According to LCCI (2005) report, after 9/11 terrorist attacks, majority of organizations fear high risk of terrorist attacks and they have contingency plan in place to deal with uncertainty. As globalization integrates multinational organizations and financial markets, events like terrorism which spurn economic uncertainty have increasingly international consequences. Terrorism causes unpredictable political and economic consequences, infuses the public with fear and prevents the free flow of capital, labour, and free market principles. Because of their disastrous impacts, occurrences of terrorism have serious implications on the performance of international and UK organizational. Immediate responses are felt in financial markets and the effected industry sectors. These sustained reactions can be observed through macroeconomic impacts, economic policy responses and investor confidence. As world move towards more liberal economies and democratic political structures, organizations must have the ability to adapt and respond to terrorist events. In order to do so, decision makers and policy makers need a more complete picture and understanding of the deleterious effects of terrorism on organization. 3. Research Methodology: The main proposed research methodology is secondary research which is based on the critical and comprehensive analysis of the existing published literature related to the specific area of research. Books, published journal articles, published research reports, surveys, organizational records, qualitative research and internet (websites and search engines) will be used to collect secondary sources data. I think these sources will help me to complete my research work. I will use all the above mentioned secondary research methods for my research work and I am highly interested to use the deductive method because it is more logical and authentic way to prove my research. Moreover I will use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to critically analyze my collected data and to reach the conclusion. But in this research work, I will prefer to use more qualitative method of data collection. According to Lincoln and Guba (1985) a qualitative method captures a more complete picture of individual lived experience instead of a narrow perspective of generalizations. The qualitative data provide me an opportunity to study the material of the recent or more distant past to gain the more insights information for methodological and theoretical purposes. 3.1 Advantages of secondary research methodology: This kind of research helps in examining large scale trend. It is easy to accessible so researcher can consume most of its time in critically analysing data rather than collecting it. Sometime primary data collection is not necessary for the research, because of the available secondary data is completely suitable to draw a conclusions and answers of the questions and sufficient for solving problem. The collection of secondary data is far cheaper than the collection of primary data. For the same level of research budget secondary research definitely gives relatively more information than the primary research can give. The time consumption is much less in the collection of data and conducting results in comparison with the primary research. The results obtain from secondary source of information may more precise than the result obtain from the primary data collection. It may not happen all the time but if research is about at large scale. 3.2 Problems of Secondary Research: In secondary research the researches have to be careful about authenticity of secondary resources. Because at the same type of data or idea two different types of department or persons have different type of opinion. Some time material available for research is too old and out dated, so it may difficult for researcher to interpret results. The source of the data and material may not reliable each time, so it may impact the reliability and authenticity of results of the research. Sometimes secondary research has lack of firmness of perspective. If data and material collected from non authentic sources it is difficult to check its biasness and inaccuracies. The published material and statistics often raise more questions than answers. 3.3 Limitations: There are some limitations the data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignored. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in mind those limitations of secondary data, I will use data for my research from reputable academic websites and published literature. 3.4 Conclusion: A use and search of secondary data should be preceding any primary research activity. Secondary data definitely helps to solve and understand the problem and gives valid answers. The process of collecting secondary data for research is far cheaper and quicker in compare with primary data at in some cases it could be more accurate. There is always a need of evaluation about data and its source before using it for research. Where possible it is better to take same data from different sources so the biasness and errors can be double check for the more accurate results. 4. Research Structure and Design: This research consists of six chapters. It begins with chapter 1, which reveals the need, aim and objectives for this research to be attained. Chapter 2 of my research will discuss the methodology, which enables me to fulfil the requirements of this research. Chapter 3 is an extensive and deep interpretation of literature review about terrorism. Chapter 4 of this research will explore the impacts of terrorism on businesses. Chapter 5 of this research evaluates performance and adaptation of suitable strategy by management on different kind of business activities and also scrutinize the different business strategic views which a business can adopt for minimizing the effects of terrorism. Finally chapter 6 of this research is the conclusion and recommendation chapter which will answer all the key questions, aim and objectives of this research seek. 5. Research Implementation Plan: Research Plan Week beginning Date. 23-10-2010 No. Of Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Background reading and literature review x x Research design and plan x Choice of methodology x Gathering data x x Data analysis and refine x x Writing up draft x x x Editing final document x x Produce final document x Document passed to supervisor to read x 6. Research Ethics: While carrying out the research, the most important thing to keep in mind and practice is the ethical considerations. And in my research work this is very critical and of prime consideration. I will follow all the ethical considerations and guidelines. As my research work is based on secondary research, so what ever the secondary data I will use to achieve my research objectives, I will follow the all terms and conditions of ethical considerations. Throughout my research I will practice honesty in processing and reporting all the data, this will be my own work and I will not copy the other researcher data or work, I will not be bias in my research while collecting or processing the data. I will try my utmost to avoid the omissions and errors while analysing the data and will keep all the record of the data and their valid sources. I am fully aware that the plagiarism is a serious academic crime, so I will not plagiarise my research. I will quote all the citations and that will be f ully referenced.

Mill Freedom and Expression Essay - 1450 Words

There they go again. The usual horde of five-inch heels, cleavage and navel displaying, and miniskirts that are just high enough to have a clear visual of the type of underwear each woman is wearing. It is the middle of winter and they are just acting like they are hot stuff. Is this acceptable? Should it be acceptable? Maybe a look at Mill’s beliefs can answer these questions. The introduction of the book is crucial to understanding Mill’s arguments and the status of his beliefs. It states the basic structure of his argument and his own key deductions. Mill steps back and defines his idea of civilization. He sees it as a struggle with individual people and what creates and defines our society. Which of†¦show more content†¦A perfect example would be if a small boy was swimming at the beach and got carried out too far and was unable to swim. You happen to have an inner tube and rush out to save him, even risking your own life. If you did not the chil d could drown which would most certainly cause harm. This implied rule will keep people from ignoring those in need or turning a blind eye. Mill believes that this will be great for society as a whole. Mill then goes into further depth and breaks up the three different categories of our liberty and the importance of having each and every one of them respected by others and the authority. The first is â€Å"the freedom to think as one wishes, and to feel as one does. This includes the freedom to opinion, and includes the freedom to publish opinions known as the freedom of speech.† Next is â€Å"the freedom to pursue tastes and pursuits, even if they are deemed ‘immoral’, and only so long as they do not cause harm.† Finally is â€Å"the ‘freedom to unite’ or meet with others, often known as the freedom of assembly due to its being phrased as such in the United States constitution.† Each of these definitions were Mill’s words n ot my own. If we do not have each and every one of these liberties than we truly are not free. Each of the phrases in quotes were taken from the book as Mill’s definitions are not my own. How I understand it,Show MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill on Liberty and Freedom of Expression1388 Words   |  6 PagesInhibition of ones liberty, such as their liberty of conscience (i.e. freedom of speech), is unjust by Millian principles, unless the persons use of deliberation is to voice hate speech. So what is hate speech? Hate speech is directed towards a member of a group, or the group as a whole, that vilifies on the basis of the subjects beliefs. 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Something so ingrained in the country, that it is often an afterthought for many Americans. John Stuart Mill believes that freedom of expression and speech is a necessity for the human race to advance and evolve. Mill’s justification of this absolute freedom come from the understanding that mistakes and choices made by the person leads to progress a nd the development of your individual self. He also argues that speechRead MoreThe Perception Of Beauty Is Subjective And Dependent On The Viewer1645 Words   |  7 Pageswill most likely have an alternative perspective. Artwork is all about the expression of ideas, the meaning behind why the ideas are expressed a particular way, and the impact the piece has on the viewer’s emotions. The point of censorship is to monitor what information or ideas are being exerted in order to remove harmful or sensitive content from being viewed. However, by removing content, discussion and the expression of ideas are also being removed. This puts restrictions on what informationRead More2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint1267 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 THE BIRTH OF FREE SPEECH It is difficult to pinpoint the exact time or year in which the concept of free speech emerged. It has been argued over and debated since the time of ancient Greeks, freedom of speech has always been an indispensable condition of what it means to be a free person. The first known martyr to the principle of free speech was Socrates. In 399BC before his jury to city state of Athens he was tried for corruption the morals of Greek youth and he said that he would ratherRead MoreFree Speech : Freedom Of Speech1403 Words   |  6 PagesFREE SPEECH Freedom of speech is perhaps the most precious tenets of liberal democracies accorded to the citizens of the free world. The United States, and the rest of the Western society is known to be the cradle of democratic principles, and this can be evidenced by the level of freedom accorded to the citizens of the United States and the West in terms of speech. The freedom of speech gives an individual an opportunity to speak his or her mind and also give his or her opinion, sometimes on veryRead MoreThe People vs. Larry Flynt1332 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom of expression has always been a heated and heavily debated topic throughout our society, more so in recent times due to the increasing amount of freedoms that we gain. However, it is only natural that free speech be something of extreme amounts of conflict since this right is expressed in the very first amendment of the Constitution. But, how loosely should such an important document within our history be interpreted? This has been a question for years, and it is obvious that this particularRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1197 Words   |  5 Pagesit? We are always thinking that one is right and one is wrong. But John Mill suggests that truth is going to be found in the middle somewhere as a combination .(Page 43). But if we are only hearing one side, we are limited and cannot find the truth. He believes that suppression is also wrong. In order to find the answer or the truth we must have an open dialogue. truth only comes after expression of our thoughts and expression of our narrative. The black lives matter movement has been coming on strongRead MoreThe Work Of Mill : The Foundation Of Liberalism And Modern Day Politics1613 Words   |  7 Pagessociety over the individual† (Mill 1). In other words, who or what has the right to impose restrictions on an individual or on society. The English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, argues such concepts of free expression and political theory in his essay titled, On Liberty. The work of Mill is considered to be the foundation of liberalism and modern day politics. In order to fulfill the idea of perfect liberty, there must be no restrictions or limitations enforced on expressions so that society may attainRead MoreConflicting Visions of Freedom in John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty and John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government1275 Words   |  6 Pagesframework of each thinkers optimal state propose two conflicting visions of the very essence of man and his freedom. Locke and Mill have completely differen t views when it comes to how much freedom man should have in political society because they have obtained different views about man’s potential of inheriting pure or evil behavior. In chapter two labeled as â€Å"Liberty of Thought and Discussion†, Mill includes two separate arguments in his writing. His first argument focuses on the assumption that suppressed

Apartheid and The Future of South Africa in Cry, The...

Arthur, Napoleon, and Msimangu, all characters from Alan Paton’s book, Cry, The Beloved Country, are used to share Paton’s points of view on the future of South Africa and the apartheid. Paton uses these characters to represent specific views; Arthur expresses clearly that the apartheid isn’t the right way to progress as a country, Napoleon exemplifies how Paton thinks people should take the anti-apartheid effort, and Msimangu explicitly expresses Paton’s ideas of an ideal leader. Arthur Jarvis was the son of James Jarvis, an activist for the causes he believed in, and very well liked in the community. This made him perfect to voice blame; Arthur Jarvis’ first passage in the book describes the issues that the exploitation of the natives†¦show more content†¦Napoleon Letsisi, a man hired by James Jarvis to teach the people of Ndotsheni proper farming techniques, is described by the author as a good man (Paton 285). Although being one of the last characters introduced in the book, he has one of the stronger voices in the book, with his views and attitudes taken towards others. By displaying Napoleon as an educated good man, Paton shows the value of these characteristics for the future of South Africa. Napoleon’s attitude towards the apartheid is that it happened because of everyone. â€Å"Umfundisi, it was the white man who gave us so little land, it was the white man who took us away from the land to go to work. And we were ignorant also. It is all these things together that have made this valley desolate. Therefore, what this good white man does is only a repayment (Paton 302).† On the same page as the previous quote, Napoleon says that he does his work not for his patron, but for his people and country (Paton 302). Both the quote and the reference help frame the way Paton portrays the people’s point of view. The first quote shows that in Paton’s eyes, the people thought that the white man is what led to the problems for the people. This is further supported by Arthur Jarvis’ passage, where he points out that the white population has evaded the issues at hand instead of tackling them (Paton 179). The reference of what NapoleonShow MoreRelatedCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton696 Words   |  3 PagesCry, the Beloved Country is a novel with remarkable lyricism written by Alan Paton. Born as a white South African, Alan Paton grew up during a time period marked by racial inequality and later became an activist against apartheid. He was a devout Christian so many of his writings reflect Christian faith. As an activist, he wrote many books about South Africa and racial injustice. While traveling around Europe, he began writing Cry, the Beloved Country, which was published in 1948. That same yearRead More History Of Aparthied as It Refers To Cry the Beloved Country1029 Words   |  5 Pageshis speeches was one of hope, which is the only thing the people of Ndot shemi have to thrive on (Chokshi). Alan Paton, the author of Cry the Beloved Country, also believed in hope bringing together the land of South Africa. There are many similarities between the novel and the real life occurrences of the South African Apartheid. In the book or in the real life Apartheid, someone came into the scene that was willing to help by assuming a leadership role, whether it is Nelson Mandela or an agriculturalRead MoreRacial Morals in Cry, The Beloved Country Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Morals in Cry, The Beloved Country Discrimination against people who are different can be identify in every country around the world. People of every sex, color, religion, and in this case, ethnicity are tormented. 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There we see a group of people who, despite being native to the land, are constantly oppressed by the by a foreign force being the Europeans. In the novel, Cry, The Beloved Country, Alan Paton depicts a stressed South Africa where its people are bent into accepting their place under the rule of their white oppressors. The story revolves primarily around Stephen Kumalo, a priest in a small South African village, while heRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  PAGE NUMBER IN THE BOOK 605 608 619 625 629 652 662 667 677 685 694 708 712 718 727 733 740 746 CASE Ministry of Sound – rapid growth but a questionable future in the music industry. 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Policy and Structure of education in different countries Free Essays

Education is indispensable to last in today ‘s universe. To go on in instruction is non merely good for endurance, but plays a critical function in success and the hunt of ends. Education progresses because engineering and society advancement. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy and Structure of education in different countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Society is altering at a really fast gait therefore doing uninterrupted instruction a necessity in today ‘s trade market. The usage of uninterrupted instruction and the hunt thereof, is important to single success. As important and of import as instruction is, simply obtaining it is non plenty. It should be continuously pursued and used appropriately. Harmonizing to Steyn A ; Wolhuter ( 2008:2 ) educationalists realize that instruction has restrictions to consequence alterations in society, but instruction is an of import tool which society can utilize to recognize the alterations they want. It is an of import instrument that can non be used by itself, but to help world to fix themselves for the challenges of the 21st century. â€Å" In order for instruction to be an effectual instrument in helping worlds for alteration, the construction and operation of the instruction system, as the vehicle of effectual instruction, should run into certain demands. † ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:2. ) Education policy Purposes The purposes of the instruction system point toward the awaited criterions to be reached over a longer term of office or term from approximately five to ten old ages. These purposes signifies the mileposts such as part to society, fulfilling of personal endowments, fulfilling of civic duties, transporting tradition frontward, supplying the engine for economic growing, supplying the work force with the necessary basic ‘academic ‘ accomplishments and supplying persons with chances, enlightenment and cognition to be reached in order to fulfill the vision and mission of that peculiar instruction system. The Aims These are the mileposts to be reached over a shorter period of clip from one to five old ages. These aims have the inclinations to make the purposes of the instruction system, thereby gaining the vision and mission of a peculiar system. Goals The ends of an instruction system find the boundaries wherein the system should work. The end describes the ideal personalities of the underlying beliefs, the educational services, the scholars and the pedagogues as the most of import constituting parts of the instruction system. The end is normally given in more general spiritual, societal, economical and political footings. The construction in general The instruction system is a good logically structured and multifaceted entireness dwelling of different parts which can be named the mechanism or subdivisions of the instruction system. These subdivisions are referred to as the instruction system policy, the instruction system disposal, the model for instruction and the support services. Different constituents of the instruction system can be located i.e. the instructions systems Acts of the Apostless, the ministry of instruction, the sections of instruction, school councils and different types of instructions establishments ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:4. ) These systems must be ordered harmonizing to a specific program in order to be an effectual and functional organic structure. The construction for instruction and preparation degrees and plans The degrees on which instruction is being provided in the peculiar instruction system are indicated by the instruction degrees. Conventional degrees in the system are the pre-primary, primary, secondary and third degrees. The school old ages with respect to the degrees may differ from instruction system to instruction system. It is high that the entry points and issue points, mandatory instruction and relevant entry demands with respects to these degrees are explained. The educational plans are reported harmonizing to the topics that are included in each plan on each degree. As a consequence of this, the component presents the organisation of educational plans on the different degrees, through which the educational demands of the mark group are provided for. Education establishments â€Å" This component describes the organisation of instruction establishments on different degrees. † ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:7 ) . The purposes of the instructions establishments every bit good as the correlativity between the different instruction establishments every bit good as the different types of instruction establishments are explained. Curricula and distinction Curriculum and distinction is a unfastened term mentioning to the demand to modify learning environments and patterns to bring forth appropriately different larning experiences for different scholars. Keirouz ( 1993 ) suggests typical processs in the instance of gifted and gifted pupils include: canceling already mastered stuff from bing course of study, adding new content, procedure, or merchandise outlooks to bing course of study, widening bing course of study to supply enrichment activities, supplying class work for able pupils at an earlier age than usual, and composing new units or classs that meet the demands of talented pupils. Learners The human ecology of the scholars is reported on the figure, age, gender, rural or urban colony and makings obtained by the scholars. Admission demands and codifications of behavior, drop-out figures and learner-classroom ratio is besides taking in history. Educators Information sing the human ecology of instructors includes the figure, age, gender and rural or urban distribution. The pre-service and in-service preparation chances of instructors are provided every bit good as other relevant information i.e. codifications of behavior and the instructor scholar ratio. 3.6 Physical installations This is the physical country where instruction is administered. The schoolrooms, talk suites, and research labs should be mentioned. The handiness of necessary installations, the allotment, use and the costs of installations will be indicated. Describe the two constituents in South Africa, Namibia and USA Policy SOUTH AFRICA 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the South- African educational system: In the White Paper on instruction and preparation ( March, 1995 ) the following were accepted as guidelines. It besides includes the National Educational Policy Act: Education and preparation are basic human rights and the province has the duty to protect these rights. All the citizens of South Africa should hold the chance to develop their potencies and contribute to the development of the community. Parents and defenders of kids have the primary duty for the instruction of their kids. The parents have the right to take the signifier of instruction for their kids, capable to the sensible precautions required by jurisprudence. The parents rights include chose of linguistic communication every bit good as the cultural spiritual footing of instruction. The province has the duty to supply aid to those parents who can non themselves decide decently on their educational hereafter of their kids. The educational policy should enable all persons to value, have success to and win in womb-to-tomb instruction and preparation of good quality. The equal entree to basic instruction and preparation which includes more than school instruction should be guaranteed to all. An increasing scope of larning possibilities offering the scholars greater flexibleness in taking should be provided. All the historical inequalities should be redressed. State resources must be deployed harmonizing to the principal of equity to supply the same quality of larning chances for all. The rights of scholars and pedagogues should be equitably protected including the policy of affirmatory action. The proviso of quality instruction and preparation is indispensable and should be provided in an incorporate manner harmonizing to the National Qualification Framework. ( NQF ) . Communities must accept ownership for their schools and legitimate, representative regulating organic structures should be instituted. The rule of democratic administration should progressively be promoted and should be characterized by audience with all relevant involvement groups. The civilization of instruction, larning and direction should be restored and the civilization of answerability should be created. The end of instruction and preparation should be to set up a democratic, free, equal, merely and peaceable society in South Africa. The diverse spiritual, cultural and linguistic communication traditions should be respected and encouraged. Education in the humanistic disciplines should be promoted. Education should advance the common democratic values and the importance of the due procedure of the jurisprudence and civic duty. Education should advance independent and critical idea. Differentiated instruction should fit the scholars with the competences required by the economic system and calling development. Mathematicss, Science and Technology instruction are critical to human apprehension and economic promotion. Environmental instruction should be promoted to help the enjoyment of nice quality of life and sustainable usage of natural resources. The rules of achievability, sustainability, efficiency and productiveness of the RDP should organize the footing of all activities of instruction. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act, 1996 ( Act 27 of 1996 ) are to supply for: The finding of national instruction policy by the curate in conformity with certain rules. Guidelines for audiences to be undertaken anterior to the finding of policy and constitution of such organic structures. The publication and execution of policy ; and To supply for the monitoring and rating of instruction. Namibia 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the Namibia educational system: Harmonizing to the Government Policy papers, Toward Education for All – A development Brief for Education, Culture and Training ( 1993 ) , a clear vision was translated. At the helm of, Toward Education for All ( 1993 ) are four major ends: entree, equity, qualities and democracy. For Access it was stated that the Government ‘s first committedness is to supply cosmopolitan Basic Education. Ultimately, every Namibian is to hold twelve old ages of general comprehensive instruction. Basic instruction is intended to guarantee that by the twelvemonth 2000, the bulk of the citizens will hold acquired basic accomplishments of reading, composing, numeracy and understanding socio-cultural procedures and natural phenomena. This is the lone manner we can process with some hope into the following millenary ( Education for All, 1993:33 ) . On the issue of quality instruction, ( Toward Education for All ) puts it that its major committedness is to do our schools good schools and to offer high quality of formal options to formal school ( p.37 ) . It goes on to state that we are all scholars. Learning is a womb-to-tomb activity. Bettering the quality of our schools is a duty we portion. We all have a critical interest in the success of our attempts ( p.40 ) . Namibia devotes a big part of its fiscal resources to instruction in every fiscal twelvemonth. The basic instruction sector, primary and secondary degrees, receives more money while the third sector comes 2nd in the precedence of instruction outgo. The freshly elected authorities of Namibia inherited an instruction system of apartheid from South Africa in 1990 which was characterized by inequalities in footings of the distribution of resources, where entree to acquisition was a precedence for a few Whites, and where quality of instruction offered was non considered. In mending the instruction characterized by some of the above characteristics every bit good as seting it at the criterion of international degree, the new authorities declared righty in Article 20 of the state ‘s fundamental law that all people should hold entree to instruction and basic instruction shall be free and compulsory. Article 20 provinces: All individuals shall hold the right to instruction. Primary instruction shall be mandatory and the province shall supply sensible installations to render effectual this right for every occupant within Namibia, by set uping and keeping State schools at which primary instruction will be provided free of charge. Children shall non be allowed to go forth school until they have completed their primary instruction or have attained the age of 16 old ages, whichever is the Oklahoman, save in so far as this may be authorized by act of Parliament on evidences of wellness or other considerations refering to public involvement. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act of 2001 as promulgated in December 2001, primary aims are: To supply for the proviso of accessible, just, qualitative and democratic national instruction service. To supply for the constitution of the National Advisory Council on Education, the National Examination, Assessment and Certification Board, Regional Education Forums, School Boards, the Education Development Fund. The constitution of schools and inns. The constitution of the Teaching Service and the Teaching Service Committee. Provision for incidental affairs. USA 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the USA educational system: The USA is proud to supply equal educational chances for all its scholars and boasts about go forthing no kids behind. There is no federal system of instruction, and each province and local school territory within the US has the constitutional right to set up its ain signifier of instruction. There are nevertheless, togss of communality running throughout most of the instruction systems in the state, including course of study, answerability criterions, and teacher enfranchisement ordinances, in add-on to the sharing of many challenges linked to poverty, linguistic communication diverseness, gender, and race or ethnicity factors. ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:300 ) The US system of instruction provides free public instruction, from kindergarten through to rate 12, for all pupils. The US does non hold a centralised system of instruction, with most determinations left to single provinces and local authorities, provided their policies do non belie the US Constitution. Each province retained control over instruction within its boundary lines, provided its educational policies did non violate commissariats in the Constitution, which by and large focused on issues of civil rights. In some cases the Federal Government has become straight involved in province and local instruction sing the separation of faith from authorities maps and the protection of civil rights related to race, gender, disablement and due procedure ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:310 ) . However, the national purposes of instruction in the US refer. Differences in the look of values besides consequence what states decide are the national purposes of instruction and on how those are articulated. The most normally articulated purposes across the 16 states include: Developing the capacities of the person Promoting equal chance Fixing immature people for work Establishing a foundation for farther and higher instruction Supplying cognition, accomplishments and understanding Promoting citizenship ( sometimes in the signifier of advancing democracy or community ) , and Sing cultural heritage ( or literacy ) . Harmonizing to ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:326 ) the NCLB programme is designated to accomplish exalted ends outlined in the programme ‘s four ‘common-sense pillars ‘ , which include: – Stronger answerability for consequences through state-wide answerability systems based on one-year proving for all pupils ; – more freedom for provinces and communities through more flexible usage of their federal instruction financess ; – required usage of proved instruction methods supported by scientifically-based research ; and – more picks for parents by leting pupils assigned to neglecting schools to go to better public schools, with transit disbursals paid by the failing school ( US Department of Education, 2004b ) . 4.1.2 The aims of National Act: The aims of the Public Law 107 – 110, 107th Congress, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and Table of Contents of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 lineation: To Bettering the academic accomplishment of the disadvantaged. Teacher and chief preparation and recruiting fund. Implementing board policies that define public simple and secondary school operations, including such authorizations as graduation demands and class content ; Monitoring and roll uping informations to find conformity with province mandated maps and answerability plans ; Recommending for public instruction while supplying information to province legislative assemblies and citizens sing instruction ; Supplying proficient aid to the schools, such as aid construing English for Speakers of Other linguistic communications demands ; and Distributing province financess to local school territories. Structure SOUTH AFRICA 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The National Qualifications Framework is a new attack to the organisation of instruction and preparation in South Africa after 1994. The NQF is an instrument to implement an outcomes-based incorporate attack to instruction and preparation. This become a world and provides chances to larn, irrespective of age, fortunes and the degree of instruction and developing a scholar may hold. This is called lifelong acquisition. The General Education and Training ( GET ) forms the first set and degree 1 of the NQF. This set consists of Grades 1-9 of the formal schooling and forms the nine old ages of compulsory schooling. The Foundation Phase, Grades 1-3 includes the early childhood development stage and forms the first portion of the GET set of the NQF. The overall end of the course of study is to supply kids with the chances to develop to their full potency as active responsible and fulfilled citizens who can play a constructive function in a democratic, non-racist and just society. In the intermediate stage, grades 4-6, while still extremely contextualized and mostly incorporate. Rate 7-9, the Senior Phase is the last stage in the GET set. In this stage the scholar should be progressively able to ground independently of concrete stuffs and experience. Combined schools offering all stages as mentioned above under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new policy for the constitution of new course of study for schools was announced by the curate of instruction on 24 March 1997. The new course of study is known as course of study 2005. The new attack known as OBE is linked to the NQF. The new course of study was introduced in class 1 in 1998 and in grade 2 in 1999. The debut of the course of study 2005 in the senior classs was in July 1998 postponed by the curate of instruction due a deficit of resources and financess. In the new course of study, specific larning countries are identified for the different degrees of the NQF. In add-on to the larning countries, there are besides three types of results, viz. critical results, larning results and specific results. The Foundation Phase makes proviso for 3 learning plans: 1. Communication, literacy and linguistic communication larning 2. Numeracy and Mathematicss 3. Life Orientation. The Intermediate Phase makes proviso for 5 acquisition plans and the Senior Phase provides the following 8 LA ‘s: 1.Communication, literacy and linguistic communication acquisition. 2.Human and Social Sciences. 3.Numeracy and Mathematicss 4.Technology. 5.Economic and Management Science. 6.Life Orientation 7.Arts and Culture 8.Natural Sciences Namibia 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The formal system in Namibian schools consists of 12 old ages of schooling broken down as follows: Four old ages of lower primary utilizing mother lingua as the medium of direction ; Three old ages of upper primary ( English as medium of direction starts in Grade 4 and goes up to rate 12 ) ; 3 old ages of junior secondary ; and, 2 old ages of senior secondary. However, the formal school system may besides be divided into the undermentioned phases some of which have combined stages: Pre-primary stage, caters for the under 6 old ages age group. Primary Phase, Lower primary, grades 1 to 4 and upper primary classs 5 to 7. Secondary Phase, Junior secondary, grades 8 – 10 and senior secondary, grades 11 – 12. Combined Schools offering both primary, junior secondary or senior secondary classs under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new prescribed course of study was introduced in 1996. I 1998, new course of study panels and topic, some of which have already been completed ( Ministry of Education, Namibia, 2006 ) . The chief countries in primary schools are linguistic communication accomplishments such as speech production, reading and composing and composing in English and in Namibian linguistic communications ; societal accomplishments such as societal surveies, spiritual and moral instruction ; humanistic disciplines and trade like pulling, music and dance ; physical instruction such as hygiene, horticulture and handicraft, and mathematics and environmental scientific discipline ( Craelius et al. , 1995:690 ) . In the junior secondary schools the chief countries covered are linguistic communication, spiritual and moral instruction, scientific discipline and mathematics, art and athleticss and prevocational accomplishments from which two of the following are chosen: domestic scientific discipline, woodwork, metalwork, commercialism, needlecraft or dressmaking and agricultural production. The senior secondary schools offer linguistic communication surveies, humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines, mathematics, physical instruction and originative, proficient and vocational surveies as nucleus topics. Options are broad, but are dependent on the field of survey chosen and the handiness of physical, instructional and human resources in the school ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:151-152 ) . USA 4.2.1 Structure for Education and preparation degrees and plans: The construction for learning in the US includes 12 old ages for regular schooling, followed by a four phase system of higher instruction. This system is normally preceded by one or two old ages of pre-school instruction ( US Department of Education, 2005 ) . Pre-School: Most provinces require some sort of pre-school and / or kindergarten programme before leting pupils to inscribe in the first twelvemonth of an simple or primary school. Pre-school plans normally occur from one or two old ages before entry. They have to be between the ages of three to five. Twelve Old ages of Formal Schooling: Formal primary instruction, frequently refer to as simple instruction, lasts for the first five to six old ages. The staying old ages of this 12 twelvemonth rhythm consist of 3 to 4 old ages of in-between school or junior high school, followed by three to four old ages of senior high school. Depending on local and or province guidelines, a pupil would go to: 8 old ages of simple and 4 old ages of high school ; 4 old ages of simple, 4 old ages of center and 4 old ages of high school ; 6 old ages of simple, 3 old ages of junior high, and 3 old ages of senior high school ; or 6 old ages of simple and 6 old ages of combined junior or senior high school. Higher Education: After successfully finishing 12 old ages of formal schooling and having a high school sheepskin pupils may take to go to: a. A two twelvemonth vocational institute B. Two twelvemonth junior community college, or c. A four twelvemonth undergraduate college or university plan. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: The simple, in-between and or junior high schools enroll pupils from ages 6 to 12, and include direction in the cardinal accomplishments or reading, composing and arithmetic. Foreign linguistic communications are normally introduced at the in-between school degree. Depending on local and province ordinances, high schools normally require pupils to inscribe in English, Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies and Physical Education classs. The course of study may besides include two old ages of a foreign linguistic communication, applied concern classs, engineering and the humanistic disciplines. After finishing 12 old ages of formal instruction, pupils may use for either a 4 twelvemonth grade allowing establishment or a two twelvemonth junior or community college. Similarities of the instruction systems of South Africa, Namibia and USA: Equal chances for all without bias. Pre-school plan. Junior and Senior stages. Third instruction Particular and inclusive instruction Mother lingua instruction Combined schools 12 old ages of formal instruction Pre-school under 6 old ages of age Lifelong acquisition Fundamentalss accomplishments, reading and authorship and numeracy. Differences: SOUTH AFRICA Specific larning countries in GET Phase. Structure: GET Band: Classs 1 to 3 Foundation Phase Classs 4 to 6 Intermediate Phase Classs 7 to 9 Senior Phase FET – Grades 10 – 12. Namibia Focus on Namibian linguistic communications accomplishments, societal accomplishments, spiritual and moral surveies. Structure: Lower Primary: classs 1 to 4, Upper Primary: classs 5 to 7 Secondary: classs 8 to 10. Senior Secondary: classs 11 – 12 USA 1.Focus on English, Mathematics, General Science, Social surveies and Physical instruction. Two old ages of foreign linguistic communications, applied concern classs, engineering and humanistic disciplines. 2.Structure: Options: 8 old ages simple school, 4 old ages high school 4 old ages simple, 4 old ages in-between high school and 4 old ages senior high school. old ages simple, 3 old ages junior high, 3 old ages senior high. 6 old ages simple, 6 old ages combined junior and senior high school. 6.Reasons for possible similarities and differences in the 3 instruction systems: Throughout the universe, basicss of instruction are addressed. These include basic accomplishments such as reading, composing and numeracy. Equal chances given to our immature scholars address the issues of human rights within each of the three states mentioned. Education is a cosmopolitan instrument and hence the acquisition is and remains womb-to-tomb larning. Mother tongue instruction is an imperative tool for scholars that come from the same human ecology, part or province. It is hence really of import to learn the same linguistic communication where kids are being educated. Some of the differences could turn to the issue of population. In the first universe states, it is a given that the population are get downing to settle in whilst in the 3rd universe states like South Africa and Namibia, the population is of all time increasing. A high per centum of the population is below the active economic age. South Africa ‘s and Namibia ‘s urbanisation are in the beginning stage. All three states experience a high inflow of other states citizens. The educational demands of every state are addressed. Cipher is excluded. The constitutional right of every kid is adhered to. Peoples are inspired by womb-to-tomb scholars. Throughout the universe the demands of people differ. The ground for this is the population of each state and the demographics of that state. Specific demands of states differ that is why instruction will differ. The USA is a first universe state with extremely specialised people, Namibia and South Africa though do non hold the substructure to compare with the USA. 7. Decision The degree of trouble of the different states to cover with the expected challenges differs to a big extend. A large difference exists with respect to the degree that instruction systems of the different states are prepared to efficaciously cover with challenges of the twenty-first Century. It is of import that the authoritiess, involvement groups and persons in the societies of immerging states takes duty to place the cloth of the community sing the demographical, geographical, socio-economical, scientific and technological, political and philosophical inclinations. It must take topographic point in such a mode that the peculiar state can efficaciously cover with the expected challenges of the twenty-first Century. 8. Bliography 8.1 Quality Primary Education, Program Overview and Strategic Objectives. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usaid.gov/na/so2.htm. Date of entree: 10 February 2010. 8.2 David Kerr, 1999. Citizenship Education: an International Comparison. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf. Date of entree: 09 February 2010. 8.3 Professional A ; Associates Resumes.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.professional-resumes.com/why-continuous-education-is-an-important-tool.html. Date of entree 09 February 2010. 8.4 Steyn, H.J. , Wolhuter C.C. 2000. Education Systems, Challenges of the twenty-first Century. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.5 Steyn, H.J. , Steyn S.C. , A ; De Waal E.A.S. , 2001. The South African Education System, Core features. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.6 Basic Education Namibia. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nied.edu.na/Bep/en-home.htm. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.7 PUBLIC LAW 107-110-JAN. 8, 2002 115 STAT. 1425 hypertext transfer protocol: //opi.mt.gov/PDF/FEDPrgms/USDOE/pl107110.pdf. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.8 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States. Date of entree: 09 February 2010. How to cite Policy and Structure of education in different countries, Essay examples

Business Writing Critical Review

Question: Write about theBusiness Writing Critical Review. Answer: Introduction: Sales people are the frontline personnel of the organisation. From that perspective it can be said that they are the face of the company to the customer. Customer can find the attitude of the company after interacting with the sales people of the organisation. They can develop the first impression regarding the organisation (Perez et al., 2014). The behaviour and the performance of the sales people can develop the impression regarding the organisation and the value it is offering to the customer. If the customer is satisfied by the behaviour and the performance of the sales people they accept the value offering of the organisation. In this case sometime sales people can play the role of an entrepreneur (Todosijevi?, et al., 2014). In this case the organisation can utilise the spirit of entrepreneurship of the sales people. In their article Douglas Amyx, Shahid N. Bhuian, and G. David Shows indicated that attitude of the sales people and verbally illustrated the possible outcome the c ompany can expect out of this behaviour of the sales personnel of the organisation. There are two relevant tem has been use in this analysis one is customer value base that does indicate the value used to receive by the customer instead of the offered price of for the product or service. Psychological or sociological theories have been applied on the basis of social exchange theory. In another article Stave W. Martin Has describe the exact level of performance of the sales personnel. The attitude and the orientation of the sales people have been described by the writer. Bother auricle made an attempt to judge and understand the motivation and the application of the motivation in the field of sales and marketing by the sales people. Key Arguments: Entrepreneurial activity has a common behavioural trait that can be applicable to any entrepreneur. The attitude of the entrepreneur is different than the ordinary people. The ability of innovation, proactive behaviour, risk taking attitude is the behavioural pattern of the entrepreneur. In this article the writers has substantiate their argument in this direction. This study is based on a formed hypothesis that is there is communality among the behaviour of the sales people and the entrepreneur (Edelkamp, Greulich, 2014). In order to claim their argument the writers indicated towards the autonomy that used to enjoy by the sales people to convince the clients. Organisations are offering this power to them on the basis of the sales performance that can be produced by the sales people by enhancing the sales revenue and the quantity of sales of the organisation. Problem solving is another important attitude of the entrepreneur at the same time it can enhance the credibility of the entr epreneur and the market value offering of the enterprise or the organisation they are governing. The same trait of behaviour is one of the major characteristics of the sales people of the organisation. Addressing the customers issue is one of the responsibilities of the sales person of the organisation. To the customer sales person is the face of the organisation. The customers are willing to interact with them in order to solve the problem they are facing the problem may get emerged out of the purchase of the product. Post purchase issue is one of major issue in the area of sales and marketing (Cri?an et al., 2016). Sales person can coordinate with customer regarding the post purchase problem related issue. In the area they are sharing their attitude with entrepreneur. Innovation is one of the major qualities of the entrepreneur. In most of the cases they do offer an innovative solution of the problem and they can get the market patronage out of it (Taylor, 2015). The same trait us ed maintained by the sales people they do offer different type of innovative solution of the existing problem. Out of this offering they can enhance the credibility and the acceptability to the customer. Risk taking is also the part of sales personnel. Like entrepreneur they take risk to gain the sale out of this. The whole endeavour of the salespeople in this respect directed toward a long term relationship with the customer. In this article the author mention the role of relationship marketing in the contemporary marketing scenario. The farther implication of this trend can lead towards sustainability. Relationship marketing has become one of the prominent trends of the contemporary marketing practice. In the article the authors has explain the relevance of this type of marketing and the relation of that with the approach of the entrepreneur. Long term relationship is one of the issues behind the relationship marketing in this regard. The independent business owners are putting st ress on this issue because sustainability is one of the basic factors for the independent enterprise (Rachan, 2016). In the second article the writer has described after taking the survey of 1000 sales personnel the top sales personnel is he who has achieved 125% of the target that has assigned on him (Martin, 2016).from this perspective it can be said that he achievement is one of the major issue for the sales personnel. Long term relation can help the sales personnel to gain constant achievement that can help his carrier too. Difference in the Arguments: Despite certain similarity there is a difference of the arguments between the authors of the two articles. In the second article the writer Steve Martin has stated that money is the only major motivator for the sales personnel but in the first article the authors said apart from money sustainability is one of the major motivator of them. That is reason the behaviour of the sales personnel adopts the trait and the nature of the independent business man. Sustainability is one of the major factors of the business strategy (Amyx, Bhuian and Shows, 2016). In the second article the writer Steve Martin described the emotional issue influence the customer to avail the service from the sales person (Martin, 2016) bout in the first article the writers put stress on the personal quality of the sales personnel to attract the patronage of the customer. In the case the writers described the role of innovativeness, proactive behaviour and risk taking. These faculties of the sales personnel lead the m to earn customer satisfaction and gain the sales target. These faculties are available in the behaviour of the individual entrepreneur the writers find semblance among these two categories of people in this regard. Recommendation: Sales personnel of the organisation do harbour the quality of the independent entrepreneur. On the basis of the personal observation it can be said the process of direct marketing is related with the achievement of the individual and the performance used to get counted on that basis. In this study the author has identified three qualities of the independent business owner those are getting reflected in the behavioural trait of the sales personnel those are innovativeness, pro activeness and risk taking activities. These attitudes are important for the sales personnel of the organisation too (Lee Pinheiro, 2014). According to the finding of the study the entrepreneurial qualities of the sales people are treated as the high order factor work as the positive influence over the customer because these are directly connected with customer satisfaction. The issue of commitment ensure the level of the satisfaction that a customer may get out of this behaviour of the sales personnel of the o rganisation. These behaviours are essential from the perspective of the sales personnel too ( Escario et al.,2015). The success in the sales process is largely depending up on the level of customer satisfaction. The entrepreneurial quality of the sales person enhances the sales power of the individual. The motivational level of the sales personnel as well as the purchaser gat increase out of that. From that perspective in can be recommended the adaptation of the entrepreneurial quality can be judge as the ideal behaviourial trait of sales personnel of the organisation. In the second article the writer Steve Martin has shared different important information these information can be the issue of consideration for the recommendation. According to Martin 50% of the marketing professionals are goal oriented. All the endeavour they used to adopt to satisfy the goal that they have envisage (Martin, 2016). This goal orientation can be the part of the enterprise behaviour of the sales person nel. So the recommendation can be made on the basis of goal orientation the organisation can cultivate the enthusiasm of the sales personnel and can channelize them towards the right direction to accomplish that goal. Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the articles Customer-sales people relationship Influence of sales people entrepreneurial behaviours and A Portrait of over performing salesperson are eye opener in its own quality, the article has indicated one of the most significant issues those are related with the attitude development of the individual working personnel. The attitude of sales is directly connected with the attitude that harbour by the business people such as owner of the small business. In the study of Steve Martin the reality of the attitude of the sales personnel has been articulated the sales executives wants to comply with the attitude of the customer(Martin, 2016). Same this applicable to the business owner, in this case the owner has responsibility to make sales because in this case he is the bread earner for the organisation. The customer satisfaction is the responsibility of the owner because the level of satisfaction can offer the sustainability to the business. The sam e attitude does harbour by the sales personnel of the organisation. Despite being an employed staff of the organisation a sales person has to interact with the customer as independent business owner. Sustainability is also one of the major issues for him. The right attitude for sales is to develop satisfaction of the customer through the product as well as post purchase service that is the reason the sales personnel has adopt the quality of innovation, pro activeness and risk taking attitude from the independent business person to progress in the verge of success ( Ruiz et al.,2014), Reference: Amyx, D., Bhuian, S. and Shows, G. (2016). Customer-salespeople relationship Influence of salespeople entrepreneurial behaviours.Marketing Intelligence Planning, 34(5), pp.586 - 598. Cri?an, G. C., Nechita, E., Palade, V. (2016). Ant-based system analysis on the traveling salesman problem under real-world settings. InCombinations of Intelligent Methods and Applications(pp. 39-59). Springer International Publishing. Edelkamp, S., Greulich, C. (2014, August). Solving physical traveling salesman problems with policy adaptation. InComputational Intelligence and Games (CIG), 2014 IEEE Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Escario, J. B., Jimenez, J. F., Giron-Sierra, J. M. (2015). Ant colony extended: experiments on the travelling salesman problem.Expert Systems with Applications,42(1), 390-410. Lee, S., Pinheiro, V. (2014). Outsourcing sport sponsorship sales to a sport management class: Understanding the benefits and risks.Journal of Brand Strategy,3(2), 184-192. Martin,S.(2016). A Portrait of overperforming salesperson. Harverd Business Review, Perez, D., Powley, E. J., Whitehouse, D., Rohlfshagen, P., Samothrakis, S., Cowling, P. I., Lucas, S. M. (2014). Solving the physical traveling salesman problem: Tree search and macro actions.IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games,6(1), 31-45. Rachan, W. (2016).Salesmanship: Enterprise Manager's Guide. Trafford Publishing. Ruiz, M., Costal, D., Espaa, S., Franch, X., Pastor, . (2014, June). Integrating the goal and business process perspectives in information system analysis. InInternational Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering(pp. 332-346). Springer International Publishing. Taylor, G. (2015). Browsing, salesmanship, and obfuscation. Todosijevi?, R., Mjirda, A., Mladenovi?, M., Hanafi, S., Gendron, B. (2014). A general variable neighborhood search variants for the travelling salesman problem with draft limits.Optimization Letters, 1-10.

The Definition of Jazz free essay sample

Jazz music is a genre that is very hard to define, because it encompasses so much over the course of a very long time. It has been around for a century over 100 years now! and has permeated different facets of our nation throughout different fulcrums In time as well as other crucial moments within our history. All In all, Jazz should undoubtedly be considered an art form for a variety of reasons, stemming from its interpretive and improvisational nature, all the way to its creation and origins.The clash between African American music and that of Europeans during he beginning of the 20th century In America was where Jazz all started. The genre became associated with the racial divide In America, and was used as an expressive medium by African Americans in the south to musically paint a picture of their lives and the culture from which they lived. One of the most important elements of Jazz is the interpretive aspect of it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Jazz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While It may Just be a type of music, it Is able to express different emotions and depict certain expressions by the performer; making it unique in comparison to other types of music at the time. Typical European musicians would ever dare play music without having the music to read in front of them, and this is a common occurrence; those musicians would play music the same way every time without changing even a single note. Jazz was artistic In that a performer could take a certain piece of music, and transform it on stage into something far different than anybody could have ever imagined.This exclusive ability allowed Jazz to be so interpretative, and therefore artistic in nature indefinitely; there are even different types ranging from swing to bop, as well as deferent styles, for example New Orleans outworn Jazz and many others from different places. Another Important detail of jazz music, and arguably the most important, is the improvisational aspect within it. It is music that is played without being written, unique with every performance, with many sets never to be played the same way ever again.It Is music that comes from the heart, and invokes emotions In that of Its performers and listeners, letting It possess such a strong message and carry it far across the country. When many musicians play the same music note for note, it is hard to distinguish their individual uniqueness and artistry, and in Jazz this is more possible than ever before and even depending on the mood or a personal experience of the performer could alter a performance greatly. Jazz music is a language, sometimes intimate, often boisterous, but always layered with experience and life profoundly lived Jazz is not the result of choosing a tune, but an ideal that is first created in the mind, inspired by ones passion and willed next In paying music; It Is In the act of creating the form Itself, that we truly find jazz (Cindy Poplin). After exploring the PBS website I was able to earn more about Jazz, and understand it even deeper.Through Jazz in Time I was able to grasp an understanding of how Jazz evolved throughout different time periods ranging from times of slavery and the Jim Crow Era, through the Great Depression and both World Wars, all the way to modern times. Its evolution throughout the ages proves its timeless novelty, and therefore establishes its artistic 1 OFF and Jazz is no different. Its ability to pass the test of time is certainly a benchmark among other forms, and Jazz is certainly an art that has proven this time and time gain.Two articles in particular that I focused on were Jim Crow Era and The Great Depression, and these articles only further strengthened my arguments for Jazz being an art form, and explained to me even more about its evolution which led to the creation of my definition for Jazz music as a whole. Louis Armstrong was one of the most important figures of Jazz music, and his biography was intriguing, as well as informative. As I mentioned before about the mood or personal experience able to shape the sound of the performer, Armstrong let his positive disposition come out in is music and make everybody feel good. He became the icon of New Orleans Jazz music, which was the birthplace of Jazz, and he taught the world how to swing. In conclusion, it is exceptional how profound of an impact Jazz music had on the 20th century, and its ability to continue into the 21st century as well. While I had an understanding of Jazz music before this assignment, my exploration of the PBS site and further researching has given me an even greater comprehension of this music and how influential and significant it has been throughout the history of the country in which we live.