War for Talent

Introduction The global economy has significantly expanded within the last decade. Human resource managers, business leaders, and other entrepreneurs at large have found it increasingly challenging to recruit new and skilled workforce in their business institutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on War for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These business organisations need skilled employees for critical entrepreneurial processes such as decision-making and strategic planning in order to gain competitive advantage in both local and global markets. However, the gap between the need for skilled workers and available employment positions is seemingly becoming a challenge for many business organizations around the globe. This phenomenon has crowned into a war for talent that has challenged the accomplishment of goals and objectives for many businesses and organisations. This paper provides insight to the extent t o which war for talent has become both a local and global challenge for businesses and organizations. The Global War for Talent Numerous researchers have unveiled that many organisations, especially in America, Nordic region, and Asia, have gradually fallen short of competitive talents (Chambers, Foulon, Handfield-Jones, Hankin, Michaels 1998). The world underwent an immense revolution in terms of technology during the last decade. Apparently, technology has led to the expansion of businesses and the invention of new ones. As a result, many companies have sprouted within this technological revolution leading to new brands in the market. However, Klein (2013) claims that there is no adequate professional talent to fill the labour gap that is associated with this nature of organisational dynamism. There is an increasing demand for expertise knowledge about a variety of professional dimensions such as information and technology literacy, free and private enterprise skills, strategic p lanning, and international shrewdness (Chambers et al. 1998). Lately, due to the aforementioned trend of events, multinational companies have begun to seek talents from foreign countries where quality education is highly regarded. In their research, the authors note that the shortage of talents in business organisations has forced some executive directors to serve an increasing number of companies in their career life.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation is due to the urge for companies to seek the best business leaders to manage their companies. According to Chambers et al. (1998), many companies extend less weight to the practice of nurturing talents within their business organisations. Global Leadership Many multinational corporations across the globe have championed to secure the world’s best business executives to lead their businesses (Ju 2013). There is a need for organisations to maintain competitive leaders in order to improve their bottom lines. Despite the urge for highly qualified professionals, many human resource managers of contemporary business firms face a hard time in search for brilliant talents from the twenty-first century generation (Larkan 2009). Due to competition and emergence of new markets for products, leaders of these business firms have to recruit professionals to take charge of the managerial jobs. However, the human resource managers meet the recruitment of business executives with the possibility of unforeseen shortcomings of taking on under qualified individuals, masked in volatile skills and knowledge about their anticipated responsibilities (Martin 2013). Furthermore, international firms have to persevere costly hiring of executives due to extreme competition, especially in emerging markets. According to the authors, the emerging markets have more war for talent than the developed markets. The quali ty of the products and size of the market depends on the expertise knowledge of the employees. The author unveils that multinationals have lately found difficulties to recruit and maintain highly talented personnel in their business organizations. A survey conducted by Klein (2013) to investigate the confidence of employees in their companies indicated that 71 percent of business executives were confident that they would be retained in their current positions for at least two to three years. Aging Population and Global Demographics Researchers have attested that there an increasing gap between the number of aged persons who leave the workforce and the availability of new talents to occupy the vacant positions (Burkus Osula 2011). The authors project that the global aging population will rise from 10 percent to 20 percent in the next three decades. Such demographics trend reflects a tremendous decrease of skilled labour force.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on W ar for Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growth economies entirely hinge on the magnitude and superiority of the available workforce. Therefore, the foreseen decrease in qualified talents will lead to loss of human capital in many multinational corporations that drive the economies of many nations, both in the developing and developed world. As well, such loss of human capital will pose a very serious risk for growing and emerging economies. The demographic patterns of the world have also changed variably in nearly every geographic region of the world. The major factors that have affected the demographic patterns include improved longevity, reduced birth rates, and governance laws on birth control. The above factors reflect a decline in the overall productive population in the next few decades (Spitulnik 2009). Further research has revealed that, if the demographic trend continues, there will reach a time when the elderly pe ople will have to remain in the workforce for considerably more years than today. The author reveals that several countries have changed the retirement laws for future economic security. For instance, China is the magnitude of local talents has reduced in the past five years due to higher retirement rates than the employment rates. The situation has forced employers to hire experts from other countries to supplement the low number of existing local workforce (Levy, Beechler, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2007). Skills Gap and Diversity Irrespective of the declining workforce, there is still an outsized worldwide population of both literate and illiterate people that does meet the minimum threshold for employment (Levy et al. 2007). The quest for tech-savvy workforce to take hold of technologically aligned employment positions in computing, information technology, and most engineering industries has created a questionable skills gap. The authors attest that there is a global shortage of tech nologists to take on employment in automated industries due to insufficiency of high-level technology skills. Moreover, the diversification of global business firms and industries has raised the demand for all-round workforce that can adjust to different business environments with little or no challenges. Workers participating in international business affairs have to acquire diverse proficiency skills in disciplines such as culture relations, information technology, linguistics, and general enterprise skills. Furthermore, contemporary multinational companies thrive in a world that is highly globalized (Larkan 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mobility of Talents Because of globalisation, Levy et al. (2007) reveals that most international regulations that govern emigration have been waivered to pave a way for business activities across the different spheres of the globe. The loosening of emigration laws has challenged individuals worldwide to venture into global labour markets. As a result, there has been mobility of talents from one country to another as individuals get employment both in mainland or overseas countries. Ng (2013) claims that globalisation has eased the process of hiring brilliant talents from foreign countries. In the aforementioned, China and Japan are leading examples in the importation of the labour force to fill in their employment gaps due to their state of declining productive population. Many researchers have posited that mobility because of the war for talent has led to elevated emigration rates (Levy et al. 2007). This phenomenon has resulted in â€Å"brain drain† for the majority of the talented workers who leave their own countries for employment in foreign nations. However, in a number of cases, some countries, especially in the Unites States, have encouraged the need for â€Å"talent flow†, contrary to â€Å"brain drain†. This practice has promoted the return of skills to home countries in order to boost local talents. Integration of Mobility and Global Talent Undoubtedly, mobility is an important business opportunity that many leaders highly prioritise. Ju (2013) speculates that the magnitude of globally mobile workforce will rise significantly in the next 5 years. There is a need for business leaders to integrate mobility and global talents in order to compensate for skill gaps. Multinational organisations have to develop new leaders and acquaint them with the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to establish new markets. The importance of integrating mobility and global talents is to nurture future talents that can save the global economy from suffering enormous losses due to skill gap. In a survey conducted by Chambers et al. (1998) to seek opinions on global mobility, the authors revealed that 61 percent of the respondents perceived global mobility as a crucial strategy for developing their talents and life careers. Apparently, 38 percent suggested that progressive global mobility could become more important for multinationals if business leaders could give the idea much more weight. According to Martin (2013), business leaders need to understand the importance of integrating mobility and talents in an attempt to improve global talent competency. Development of Talents According to Klein (2013), there are potential recruits for diverse employment opportunities worldwide. However, the challenge of recruiting and retaining such potential employees is the biggest question from many organisations. Researchers have revealed that there is a global pool of university graduates, who bear unreliable expertise for industria l and/or commercial activities. As a result, some organisations have sought new ways of maintaining their personnel through talent development. For instance, McDonnell (2011) reveals the Asian case where leaders emphasize the development of employee talents more than in any other place on the globe. A survey conducted by Levy et al. (2007) revealed that over 60 percent of the companies in Asian countries reported less satisfaction experienced from the performance of new employees. As a result, these companies advocate for the development of employee skills in order to nurture and maintain their talents. This strategy builds the companies’ confidence in the performance of their employees, and thus enhances the need to retain them. Besides Asia, other countries such as China, India, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe have recently embraced the development of talents for employees. Concisely, the development of talents develops the overall specialisation skills a nd experience of employees. Hence, it improves both personal and organisational performance (Spitulnik 2011). The Local War on Talent War for talent is not only a challenge at the global arena but also an impasse at the local level. Many local companies have also found themselves in the fight for skilled professionals to take on crucial managerial positions (Levy et al. 2007). The local companies are as good as the multinational corporations. While the multinational corporations rule the global economy, the local business firms and enterprises run the regional economy. A major challenge that faces the local companies is the mobility of talents to foreign countries. Many companies underpay their skilled workforce owing to varying economic status quos for diverse countries across the globe. Consequently, skilled workers seek better compensations from the global labour market. To a considerable extent, mobility deprives the local companies of competent talents. Ng (2013) confirms that there is improper coordination of local talents in many countries across continents. There is a misalignment of the education system with the employment sector. So many scholars graduate from local universities only to miss their career job opportunities due to unavailable opportunities for their pursued degree programme. Others end up in underemployment in very different sectors that do not match with their learned skills. Leaders of local companies have to develop and retain local talents in order to foster job specialisation and adequacy of the required skills. Conclusion The war for talent remains an inevitable practice for multinational companies. Local companies have no exception too. The competition for experts is the determinant for the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives. Therefore, worldwide multinational companies will continue investing huge sums of their finances to facilitate the recruitment of talented workforce through rigorous examination of their skills and leadership abilities. In addition, the mobility of talents is an ever-growing phenomenon as companies seek talents from the best workforce developers of the world. China, in particular, is the world’s leading importer of talents due to its state of declining population. Researchers and policymakers have to deliberate on the best ways that companies could use in order to integrate global talents and mobility. Development of proper strategies and approaches to talent management is unavoidable for the success of both local and global businesses. Reference List Burkus, D Osula, B 2011, ‘Faulty Intel in the War for Talent: Replacing the Assumptions of Talent Management with Evidence-based Strategies’, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 1-9. Chambers, E.G, Foulon, M, Handfield-Jones, H, Hankin, M Michaels, G 1998, ‘The War for Talent’, The McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 1 no. 3, pp. 44-57. Ju, S 2013, ‘Global Talent War 2 .0: From â€Å"Hiring† to â€Å"Utilization†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, SERI Quarterly, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 79-82. Klein, S 2013, ‘If you want to survive the talent war†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Smart Business Houston, vol. 8 no. 7, pp.11-11. Larkan, K 2009, Winning the Talent War: The 8 Essentials, Marshall Cavendish Business, Singapore. Levy, O, Beechler, S, Taylor, S Boyacigiller, N 2007, ‘What we talk about when we talk about ‘global mindset’: managerial cognition in multinational corporations’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 231–258. Martin, A 2013, ‘New War on Talent’, Leadership Excellence, vol. 30 no.9, p. 7. McDonnell, A 2011, ‘Still Fighting the ‘War for Talent’? Bridging the Science Versus Practice Gap’, Journal of Business Psychology, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 169-173. Ng, T 2013, ‘The global war for talent: responses and challenges in the Singapore higher education systemâ€⠄¢, Journal of Higher Education Policy Management, vol. 35 no. 3, pp. 280-292. Spitulnik, J 2006, ‘Cognitive development needs and performance in and aging workforce’, Organization Development Journal, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 44–53. This essay on War for Talent was written and submitted by user Yusuf Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spoken English - Definition and Examples

Spoken English s Definition: The ways in which the English language is transmitted through a conventional system of sounds. Compare to written English. Spoken English, says linguist David Crystal, is the more natural and widespread mode of transmission, though ironically the one which most people find much less familiarpresumably because it is so much more difficult to see what is happening in speech than in writing (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed., 2003). In recent years, linguists have found it easier to see what is happening in speech through the availability of corpus resourcescomputerized databases containing real life examples of both spoken and written English. The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999) is a contemporary reference grammar of English based on a large-scale corpus. The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology. See also: Speech (Linguistics)ColloquialConversationConversation AnalysisDialogueKey Events in the History of the English LanguagePresent-Day English (PDE)Standard EnglishVernacularWhat Is Standard English? Examples and Observations: Academic Bias Against Spoken English[L]inguists have inevitably had a long-standing and intensive contact with standard English. The nature of standard English as primarily a written variety, together with the immersion of academics in written English, does not augur well for their recognition of structures that may be more typical of spoken English than written English.(Jenny Cheshire, Spoken Standard English. Standard English: The Widening Debate, ed. by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. Routledge, 1999) The Relationship Between Spoken and Written English[I]n the course of the languages history, the relationship between spoken and written English has come nearly full circle. Throughout the Middle Ages, written English predominately served transcript functions, enabling readers to represent earlier spoken words or (oral) ceremony, or to produce durable records of events, ideas, or spoken exchange. By the seventeenth century, the written (and printed) word was developing its own autono mous identity, a transformation that matured in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and first half of the twentieth centuries. (However, through at least the end of the nineteenth century, spoken rhetorical skills were also seen as critically important to people with social and educational aspirations.) Since World War II, written English (at least in America) has increasingly come to reflect everyday speech. While writing on-line with computers has hastened this trend, computers didnt initiate it. As writing growingly mirrors informal speech, contemporary spoken and written English are losing their identity as distinct forms of language.(Naomi S. Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading. Routledge, 2000) Teaching IlliteracyOne main danger is that spoken English continues to be judged by the codified standards of written English, and that teaching pupils to speak standard English may, in fact, be to teach them to speak in formal written English. A test of spoken English may become a test of ones abilities to speak a very restricted codea formal English used routinely by dons, civil servants, and cabinet ministers. It is not very far removed from the language of formal debate. Such a view of spoken English can produce an artificial and unnatural English and can even promote a kind of illiteracy which is as damaging to users of English as not being able to write literate English; for to have everyone speaking and writing only one codea standard written English codegenerates an illiteracy almost as grave as would be the case if everyone were only able to use a local dialect.(Ronald Carter, Investigating English Discourse: Language, Literacy, and Literature. Routledge, 1997) Henry Sweet on Spoken English (1890)The unity of spoken English is still imperfect: it is still liable to be influenced by local dialectsin London itself by the cockney dialect, in Edinburgh by the Lothian Scotch dialect, and so on. . . . [I]t changes from generation to generation, and is not absolutely uniform even among speakers of the same generation, living in the same place and having the same social standing.(Henry Sweet, A Primer of Spoken English, 1890) The Value of Teaching Spoken English (1896)Not only should English grammar be taught with reference to the nature of language and the history of English, but it should also take account of the spoken, as distinct from the written, form. The reasons for this seem to me many and excellent. For instance, it is a misfortune that the English language makes its appeal to the educated mind, mainly through the written and printed form. The appeal to the ear and the appeal to the eye, which should strengthen one another, are thus distinctly separate and divergent. Our orthography encourages this separation. It is, therefore, the more important that textbooks of grammar should make some attempt to counteract this tendency.(Oliver Farrar Emerson, The Teaching of English Grammar, 1896) The Lighter Side of Spoken EnglishIf Opals goin to be a school-teacher, mebbe she wants summat to practice on, grinned her father.Oh, Pa, you mustnt say summatit isnt a word, remonstrated his daughter.Aint a word ! shouted her father with increasing excitement. Well, hear that! How do you know it aint a word?It isnt in the dictionary, said Opal.Shucks, disparaged Pa, whats the dictionary got to do with it? The words that git into the dictionary aint common talkin words nohow; theyre written wordsnobody puts talk into a dictionary.Why not? questioned Opal, astonished at her fathers apparent knowledge of the making of dictionaries.Cause why? Cause spoken words is too lively for emwho can go round and keep track of every word thats spoke? I can make up a hull mouthful myself, and no dictionaryll ever know anything about itsee?(Bessie R. Hoover, A Graduated Daughter. Everybodys Magazine, December 1909)

On International Environmental Law †Book Summary

On International Environmental Law – Book Summary Free Online Research Papers On International Environmental Law Book Summary International Environmental Law in a Nutshell, which is written by Lakshman D. Guruswamy and Brent R. Hendricks, introduces the relevant concepts of international environmental law(IEL), contemplates the socio- scientific evidence confronting lawmakers and addresses the resulting corpus of substantive law. Expert authors cover international environmental problems such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. Generally, this book can be divided into three parts: Part one, which consists of Chapter one, two and three, discusses the basic concepts of the international environmental law, such as the definition of the international environmental law, the sources and forms of the international environmental law and so on. Part two, including fourteen chapters, from Chapter Four to Chapter Seventeen, emphasizes the specific international environmental problems, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change and etc. Part Three, the last part, Chapter Eighteen, draws the blueprint of the future of the international environmental law. The first part of this book (Chapter one, two and three) illustrates the basic and important concepts of the international environmental law, which can help students, especially the ones who have not studied the IEL at all, clearly understand what the IEL is, what makes the IEL different from the other international laws, what constitutes the IEL and how the IEL become effective. Although the definition of the IEL can be diverse, this book gives the most understandable one to the students. In the first page of this book, it is written that â€Å"International Environmental Law (IEL) bears a name that reflects the content. At its substantive core, IEL endeavors to control pollution and the depletion of natural resources within a framework of sustainable development†¦ IEL is formally a branch of nation states for nation states, to govern problems that arise between nation states. † Then, the authors distinguish the IEL from traditional international law in two aspects. â€Å"First, its creation and vigorous, if uneven growth, owe much to national environmental laws and policies. Nation states frequently have entered into landmark international agreements and practices, driven largely by the momentum of law, regulation, and policies applicable to their own environmental problems, and not necessarily because of the gravity of international problems. Second, the law- making in IEL has been shaped primarily by bio- physical not geo- political forces, and this communal foundation has at times sheltered it from the disfiguring political dissension found in other areas of international law. These two factors have inevitably, albeit asymmetrically, infused the objectives of national environmental regulatory laws, and the conceptual frameworks of environmental sciences, into the corpus of IEL. † To wholly study IEL, it is crucial for students to grasp the substantive corpus of the IEL. And in authors’ view, there are several types of the sources of the IEL: treaties, customary law, general principles of law and judicial decisions. 1,Treaties â€Å"are written agreements governed by international law, entered into between two or more states, creating or restating legal rights and duties.† Treaties are the principle source of IEL, owing to the nature of environmental problems. â€Å"These problems range over a wide spectrum of future contingencies. Moreover, they demand continuous observation and monitoring, as well as quick legal action and implementation in response to ongoing and relatively rapid changes in scientific knowledge and conclusions†¦ None of the four sources of IEL can fulfill all of these requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And treaties, vague and nebulous, need to be interpreted so that they can be implemented. Usually, in the opinion of the authors , the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is perhaps the best known international courts, but the ICJ depends on the acquiescence of the parties for its jurisdiction. Also, the authors introduce the conflict between the treaties and other international laws. 2, Customary law â€Å"refers largely to unwritten law inferred from the conduct of states (practice) undertaken in the belief that they were bound to do so by law.† And customary law mainly comes from the forms, such as the national legislation, diplomatic notes and correspondence and statements and votes by governments in international organizations and forums of varying kinds and etc. One of the weaknesses of custom is that they are all unwritten and uncodified, so one way to remedy this shortcoming is to codify or re-state customary law, thus making it known and accessible. 3, General principles of law. It is of the great importance when some articles of a statute â€Å"need to be interpreted in accordance with its ordinary or plain meaning, in context, and in light of its object and purpose.† 4, Judicial decisions. â€Å"The statute of the ICJ restricts the role of judicial decisions to that of a ‘subsidiary means for the determination of riles of law’ however, judicial decisions still play an important role in any system of customary law by restating, codifying, and clarifying the often uncertain and usually unwritten customary law.† The authors also list the other sources of law, such as the writings of the most highly qualified publicists or scholars, resolutions, declarations, action plans and so on. In the first part of this book, the authors introduce the landmark developments of IEL from 1972 to the presentthe historical continuum, which helps us better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the subject. It includes five historical conferences that have influences on the development of the IEL; they are The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The 1982 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea. The World Commission on Environment and Development. The 1992 United Nation Conference on Environment and Development. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. What weights most in these three chapters is the implementation. It is said that â€Å"most international treaties require implementation within individual nation states. Implementation of treaty obligations, however, is hampered by the fact that the vertical command and control power structure governing domestic politics within nations is conspicuously absent within the international legal order. In international society, power or authority rests on a horizontal base made up of coequal sovereign states, and can be built into a pyramidal structure only if these nations consent to and join in such an endeavor. While piecemeal building upon the base has resulted in the substantive corpus of IEL noted in Chapter One, there is no overarching pyramid of authority consisting of law- making, law- interpreting, law- implementing, or law- enforcing institutions.† So, the authors start discussing the many international organizations that facilitate the implementation of IEL, the complia nce mechanism, the diplomatic avenues and judicial remedies. It is in the view of the authors that despite the impressive growth of IEL and its expanding domain, there is still no single institution or organization that serves environmental protection in the way that the World Trade Organization (WTO) advances, interprets, implements, and enforces the concept of free trade. The institutions and organizations enlisted to advance IEL are fractured, fragmented, and divided along functional, regional, bureaucratic, and geo- political lines. In the global area, there are institutions and organizations, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and so on. In th e regional area, there are many institutions also become a part of role in developing IEL, and European Union (EU) is the most advanced form of international organization in the world and is evolving into a continent- wide political confederation. Still, many treaties have set up institutional arrangements (or rudimentary international organizations) for their implementation. For example, the sporadic conference of the parties under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is one way to implement the treaties. And, the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly important role in IEL, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Although there are so many institutions and organizations in the World, they do not enjoy or exercise the power and authority of national legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that supervise and enforce the implementation of laws within nation states. Then, it is important that the substantive rules of international law should first possess an internal force or dynamic that makes sense to the parties and invokes an attitude of compliance rather than non-compliance. There are two ways that lead to compliance, first, treaty negotiators try to formulate and endow substantive rules with some compliance-generating character. Second, conventions or treaties also create institutions and techniques that induce compliance. The authors give some examples to illustrate how the two ways, especially latter way, form the compliance mechanism. Many environmental treaties require that parties explore diplomatic and other means of settling their differences before resorting to judicial or quasi-judicial dispute settlement. Such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and so on. Therefore, the diplomatic avenues become a way to settle the international environmental problems. Apart from regulatory regimes supervised by or through agencies established by treaty, judicial enforcement provides another avenue for securing compliance with the law. Judicial remedies may be used to obtain specific items of compliance and can act as deterrents by bringing embarrassment, perhaps ignominy, to bear on wrongdoing states. More commonly judicial or quasi-judicial remedies within IEL are invoked through inter-state litigation, and are based on the grievance remedial principles of â€Å"state responsibility† or international trot law. And then, the authors explain in detail on the judicial avenue to resort the problems caused by the traditional ways. 1, Jurisdiction, jurisdiction can prove to be a difficult obstacle. In the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict case, the ICJ defined the concept to include legal capacity or status, and held that it lacked jurisdiction because the WHO was unable to demonstrate legal capacity. However, d espite these defects, judicial remedies can prove to be an effective way of implementation the law if they are administered by a tribunal having compulsory and binding jurisdiction like the UNCLOS tribunals, and if the tribunals assume a more activist role in interpreting and applying the substantive law. 2, Accountability for transboundary environmental harms, in this part, the authors use the accountability for transboundary harms in 1955 to illustrate the specific way of how the ILC to deal with the codification of the law, including the application of SR, international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, civil liability, conclusion, the effectiveness of international environmental law, the relationship between IEL and domestic law,. In the second part of this book, the authors detailedly enumerate the problems that facing people, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. And in every single chapter, the authors usually illustrate in a way as the nature of the problem, and then the legal response. One, Population. Needless to say, the growth of global population has dramatically increased to an extent that the earth we live can no longer afford. On the basis of the statistics, â€Å"it took until approximately 1804 for the global population to reach 1 billion, this figure doubled to 2 billion by 1927- a span of only 123 years. The global population reached 3 billion in 1960 (33years); 4 billion in 1974 (14year); and 5 billion in 1987 (13year). It then took a mere 12 years for the global population to reach the current level of approximately 6 billion people in 1999.† And without doubt, the numbers will continue rising in the future, so what directly induces from the unchecked population growth is that the resources on the earth will not meet the need of everyone. Meantime, the environmental impacts of population growth are ubiquitous and universal. For instance, population growth has a direct impact on agricultural resources. The demand for food created from population growth has necess itated an increase in required cropland area at the expense of natural ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. In order to introduce the remedial objectives, the authors first illustrate the theories on population growth. They are the Malthusian apocalypse and neo-Malthusian, economic transition and redistributional theories of population growth. Although the two theories are poles apart, they both seriously believe that the growth of population must be checked. So, the authors relate on the legal response on the growth of population. The approach fashioned and proclaimed at the â€Å"Earth Summit† the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), hopes to integrate economic development, social development and environmental protection without compromising the needs of present and future generations. In the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, the result is a comprehensive plan that incorporates ideas from many theories. Though there is controversy in this Program of Action, this is one big step of humans to give methods on balancing the growth of population and other problems. Two, Biodiversity Biodiversity sustains life on earth by maintaining atmospheric quality, regulating local climates, absorbing pollutants, protecting watersheds, and generating and maintaining soils. Despite the fact that biodiversity plays an important role in the humans life, it is suffering from loss, and mainly based on the â€Å"use-value† of species and ecosystems, within economic, ecological, and aesthetic frameworks, also on ethical values, which are different than use-values and arises from a belief in the intrinsic worth of a species. The primary cause of the loss of biodiversity is habitat destruction resulting from the expansion of human population and activities. And other direct causes include invasion by introduced species, over-exploitation of biological resources, industrial agriculture and forestry, pollution, and potentially, global climate change. In order to meet people’s needs for biological resources while ensuring that those resources last indefinitely, it is crucial for all the humans to conserve the species biodiversity, and it must be based on global frameworks of equity and justices as well as sustainable development. And the legal response to the conservation includes the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity, Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. The CBD is a framework treaty which possesses only the power to seek appropriate forms of cooperation with the executive bodies of other biodiversity conventions. And in order to fully understand this treaty, the authors bring us to the two overriding principles in this framework convention: (1) Equity and Resources Transfers, (2) Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use). After the authors pay more attention to detailedly illustrate the two principles and thus we can see how important these two principles are in the framework treaty. The Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity is a supplementary agreement to the CBD, which acted upon the Art 19(3) of CBD: â€Å"The parties shall consider the need for and modalities of a proto col setting out appropriate procedures, including, in particular, advance informed agreement, in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of any living modified organism resulting from biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.† And thus the protocol aims at the detailed aspect on the biotechnology which can make a contribution towards achieving the objectives of the Convention if developed and used with adequate safety measures for the environment and human health. The International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity includes: The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES), The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Mig ratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Conservation). The Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. They include a cluster of treaties protecting the Antarctic and so on. Three, Global Climate Change When referring to the global climate, one will mention the Greenhouse gases (GHGs), and the past several years had witnessed the on and on discharging of carbon dioxide, and significant quantities of other GHGs such as methane and nitrous oxide, all of these have altered the natural distribution of atmospheric gases that blanket the earth. According to the statistics, the atmospheric CO levels will increase to between 540 ppm to 970 ppm by2100, which is respectively 90% to 250% higher than the concentration in the late 1700s. Today’s CO concentration of approximately 370 ppm is about 95 ppm greater than the pre-industrial concentration. This could correspond to a mean global temperature increase from 1.4? to 5.8?,an increase range that is two to ten times larger than the central value of observed warming over the 20th century. And scientists predict that if the trend continues in the future, the global climate will be changed greatly that cannot be reversed, and will do harm t o not only the humans themselves, but also the plants and animals living on the earth, maybe one day what happened in the science fiction will come true. Then a cluster of remedies objectives have been set forth in the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Changes (UNFCCC), and the ultimate objective is to achieve â€Å"†¦stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would present dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. † The international legal responses to the threat of climate change or global warming are not only found in the UNFCCC, but also in the Tokyo protocol to the UNFCCC. On the basis of the UNFCCC and the Tokyo protocol, the authors discussed the substantive obligations, institutions and implementation, outstanding issues, and implications. 1, Substantive obligations. It is important not only for the developed countries but also the less-developed countries to cooperate together to solve the climate problems.2, Institutions and implementation. The authors specifically introduce how to implement the convention; they are conference of the parties, secretariat, subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice, subsidiary body for implementation, financial mechanism. 3, Outstanding issues. In this part, the authors quote the famous issues concerning the implementation, such as joint implementation, technology transfer and financing, adaptation, and costs?benefits. 4, Implications. The a uthors talked about the small problems involving the implementation, and give some suggestions. Four, Ozone Depletion Ozone is a shield to protect living organisms and humans on earth from exposing to a range of adverse consequences. However, research data has largely concluded that human activities are causing the ozone depletion. In order to restore the ozone shield and prevent the future enlarging of the ozone hole, it is necessary to prohibit the use of damaging chemicals. And legal responses to this include the Vienna Ozone Convention, the Montreal Protocol, adjustments and amendments, transfers, trade restrictions, technological and financial assistance, and the impact of the regime. There are abundant ideas in this part and this will help students to better understand the problem of the ozone depletion. Five, Antarctica Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, iciest, driest and highest major landmass on earth. The fifth largest continent in the world, Antarctica comprises around 9% of the earth’s continental crust and is approximately twice the size of Australia. However, only a tiny fraction of the continent itself is visible, as 98% of its 5.4 million square miles is buried beneath an immense sheet of ice. Antarctica means to humans not only the scientific and archeological importance but also the economic and political consequence. Unfortunately, over the last half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula region has grown warmer. Given that the 90% of the world’s ice located in Antarctica, were this ice to melt the sea level would rise some 200feet- dramatically impacting human and other forms of life across the entire planet. Considering the threat to the Antarctica, in 1959 the 12 claimant and nonclaimant states met to resolve the problem and eventually sighing a compromise treaty- the Antarctica Treaty. Within the 1959 Antarctica Treaty area, the 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctica Seals limits harvesting of three species of seals. And 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic marine living resources aims to conserve all living resources found south of the Antarctic Convergence. And 1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention. 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol chose to create an environmental protocol to the 1959 treaty. Six, Toxic and Hazardous Substances Toxic and hazardous substances can cause significant damage in small, even minuscule, amounts. They are among the pollutants responsible for transboundary air and water pollution, as well as land-based pollution and dumping. About 95% of all hazardous pollutants are created by industries that generate four primary groups of toxic and hazardous chemicals. They are toxic metals, petrochemicals, pesticides and radioactive materials. Toxics often impact ecological food chains by bio-accumulating in the tissues of aquatic organisms and this does harm to the humans and living organisms deeply. Legal responses to the toxic and hazardous substances include toxic and hazardous substances in general, before 1998, no international treaty existed regarding the distribution and use of hazardous substances across all media. In the absence of such a treaty, the FAO and UNEP filled this gap with two sets of voluntary guidelines. After there is prior informed consent, such as 2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of information on Chemicals in International Trade, Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. In light of hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa, the International Convention on Li ability and Compensation for damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea. Seven, Land-based pollution At least 80% of all marine pollution comes from sources that are located on land, and it has loomed more problematic to the extent that urban growth has departed from principles of sustainable development, and environmental protection has been ignored or minimized by economic growth. In general, there are eight groups of pollutants that are deposited into the ocean from land-based sources: chemical nutrients, sewage and bacterial agents, oil, organic chemicals, metals, sediments and litter, radioactive substances, heat. Though land-based sources contribute the highest percentage of marine pollution, the international commitment to controlling these wastes remains understandably low. Only the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution from Land-based Sources, the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. Eight, Vessel-based Pollution The transportation of crude oil or refined products results in the release of approximately 136,000 tons of petroleum per year into the oceans of the world. And this will cause harm not only to the sea itself but also the humans and the living organisms. International law has responded to the harms, the 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000. Nine, Dumping Many types of wastes that are difficult to dispose of on land have traditionally been dumped directly into oceans and rivers without regulation. This includes many hazardous materials, such as sewage, industrial effluents, sludges, radioactive wastes and polluted dredged spoils. Thus, to reduce the harm, international legal responses include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. Ten, Conservation of Marine Living Resources The Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface and human depend on the oceans for their living, however, without protection, the oceans will not be capable for the future of the next generation, so, it is the time to protect the oceans. The legal responses to the protection of the Oceans include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNEP regional seas programme, International Convention for the Regulation of Whalting. Eleven, Transboundary Air Pollution Human demands lead to a number of physical processes and activities that convert raw materials, energy, and labor into desired finished products. Diverse pollutants are introduced into the environment during various stages of these production and consumption cycles. In this part, the authors mention the famous case- 1941Trail Smelter Arbitration. This case has since become the basis for the general prohibition against transboundary environment harm that was definitely restated in the 1992 Rio Declaration: States have , in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Also, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution is the treaty that regulates the transboundary pollution. Twelve, Transboundary Water Pollution Waters cover the face of the earth. And we have seen that the environmental health of the oceans is critical to humanity. However, the healthy waters have become polluted because of human activities. Meantime, pollution introduces into rivers, watercourses, and coastal waters of one state can affect another through transport, diffusion or dispersion. International and Regional ways include Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes. And also the authors mention some famous cases on the transboundary water pollution, which become the rules for the future solving problems. Thirteen, Desertification Desertification refers to the process of climate change and human impacts that create desert environments in â€Å"drylands†- the arid, semi-arid, or dry sub-humid regions of the world. Human activities, driven by population growth, energy needs, and the lack of land have led to over-cultivation- the farming of land beyond its sustainable fertility. Desertification raises questions common to other international environmental problems, and must be addressed within the conceptual framework of sustainable development. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and development adopted Agenda 21, a program for sustainable development, which recommended preventive measures for threatened or slightly degraded drylands and rehabilitative measures for moderately or severely degraded drylands. Fourteen, Nuclear Damage The military use of nuclear bombs can lead to unparalleled suffering, especially the radiation, radiation can cause destructive chemical changes, and when harmful radiation strikes human tissue, it strips electrons or neutrons of the molecules and atoms and thereby kills or damages human cells. And it has the power to destroy all civilization and the entire ecosystems of the planet. So, fear of such destruction has led the international community to seek way of containing and eliminating the nuclear threat from both military and civilian sources. To ban all together the nuclear weapons and find other ways to substitute for the civilian nuclear uses are the best method to control the nuclear damage, however, it is unreal to realize this, so the authors discuss the international way concerning the protection from the nuclear damage. The last part of this book mainly talks on the future of the international environmental law, although the international community has done much concerning the protection of our environment, the road ahead still in the twists and turns. International Environmental Law in a Nutshell is a very useful book that not only for the students, who study the IEL, but also the handbook to the teachers and students who have well known the IEL. Research Papers on On International Environmental Law - Book SummaryPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Tips for Maintaining Your Hybrid Vehicle

Tips for Maintaining Your Hybrid Vehicle Hybrids differ little from regular vehicles when it comes to routine maintenance items. Other than the systems that control the onboard storage batteries and the additional electric drive motor, routine maintenance for hybrids follows pretty much lock step with your fathers Oldsmobile. Follow our routine vehicle maintenance schedule to make sure you have all of the basics covered. Full Hybrid Vehicles If operated as designed, full hybrid vehicles have the ability to shut off their internal combustion engines and operate on the electric motor only under certain conditions. (e.g. low-speed maneuvering and light cruising). Needless to say, the engine doesn’t work as hard resulting in reduced wear and tear. Hybrids also often employ regenerative braking systems that both charge the batteries and reduce wear on brake components. Because of the way that the internal combustion engine, the electric drive motor, and the transmission are mated together to work more or less as an entity, a malfunction in one component can affect the way the others function. Serious troubleshooting, diagnosis, and repair of this system is best left to professionals. You can check the transmission fluid, change out spark plugs and fuel and air filters, but delving much deeper does require specialized training. Sophisticated Electronics The complex electronic modules that control the electric drive motor for both propulsion and regenerative braking can generate enormous amounts of heat, so those often have their own dedicated cooling systems. The battery control modules regulate both charge and discharge rates as well as the state of charge of the entire bank. To operate consistently under all conditions, these systems will often employ both heating and cooling systems. When performing the regular maintenance on the engine cooling system, remember to check the individual hoses, pipes, and clamps as well as any additional filters that may be used on the motor and battery cooling/heating system. Be Safe and Beware the Orange Hybrids generally are equipped with dual voltage systems. Though most of the electrical system is safe standard 12-volt, the drive motor and related components operate well in excess of 100 volts. The safety threshold is low and narrow, an electrical shock with as little as 50 volts can prove fatal. To warn technicians and operators of these high voltage circuits, the cables are wrapped in a bright orange casing. To safely maintain and repair these components, the system must be de-powered, a task that is absolutely best left to trained technicians.

Case Study for Student Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study for Student Analysis - Essay Example There were many issues with the recruiting round Carl Robbins realized. Carl started his college recruiting round in April. He was supposed to have everything ready within three months. Carl scheduled an orientation for the new employees on June 15 so that the recruits would be ready for work by the start of July. Monica as the manager contacted Carl on May 15th to ensure everything would be ready on time. Carl reassured her he had everything under control. It became apparent from the case that Carl was either incompetent or simply did not realize all the leg work that had to be performed prior to getting these employees ready for work. Carl needed to have in place the training schedule, orientation, manuals, policy booklets, physicals and drug tests. Carl could not do this alone and he needed help in the process. The problem was that Carl never asked for any help since there were internal communication problems at ABC. Two weeks prior to the deadline Carl did not have the documentat ion in place including a lack of drug testing for the applicants. On top of these problems Carl at the last moment realized that the training room he need to perform the two week orientation for the employees had not been separated for that purpose due to the fact that Joe from technical services had the room separated for computer training seminars for the new database software implementation. Carl Robbins is in a lot of trouble right now and he needs alternative solutions to the problem. The first solution to the problem would be to cancel the entire recruiting process and start all over. This solution is not too good because it would cost the company thousands of dollars and more importantly it would cost the firm over three months of valuable time. The firm already started investing money and resources in the recruiting process of the 15 new employees. Monica

Health Screening and History of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client Essay

Health Screening and History of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client - Essay Example She reports some over-exertion on occasion while training, and some periods over vacations where she does little exercise, while on vacation, for example. She considers herself fit and strong for the most part, and evidence to support this is clear from her physical appearance. She is well-toned, and proportioned, with a good energy and open demeanor. Her ability to sustain high levels of mental and physical activity, particularly in the academic year, and during her training cycle, is further indication that she is healthy, overall. Primarily her health is maintained through her exercise programs. However, she does not always ensure that her nutrition is suitable to this kind of exercise program. While aware of the connection between good health and lifestyle, she acknowledges that she does eat fast foods regularly, and does not always maintain regular meal intervals. The family has comprehensive health insurance, and she is covered well for any medical eventuality. The client has e xperienced no serious illnesses in her past, except for some childhood illnesses, and has torn an ankle ligament during training in the past, and ripped a thigh muscle, also during training. Recovery was complete and within reasonable time. She does not suffer from any chronic condition, and has only incidental experience of influenza, or colds, not in any regular or ongoing pattern. Occasionally she does use over-the counter pain medication for infrequent headaches, and describes these as being due to heavy exercise routines, or intense academic work periods, when she does not sleep enough, or has strained her body and endurance. No allergies are evident. Family history does include cancer – the maternal grandmother succumbed to initial breast cancer. Awareness in the client is heightened and supported by her mother, and they are checked by a physician regularly, together. Balance is lacking in her food intake. Despite her apparent physical strength and stamina, the maintena nce of this condition is due to large intakes of fats and carbohydrates, with relatively lower intake of protein and vegetable matter. This may imply lower than acceptable mineral and vitamin intake (RDA, 2011, website), but her youth does tend to mask the lacking elements in an overall picture of health. She has access to good nutrition at home, but excuses poor food choices by insisting that she has no time and needs to eat fast foods, so that she has time to complete all her activities. Her parents are busy, too, she reports, and thus the family seems not to consider their food too carefully. Fluid intake is reported to be high during training sessions, and consistent and regular during non-training. The client uses water only and does not use energy drinks, or supplement drinks, stating that she does not like them. The client is taking in approximately 2200 calories daily, but it is likely from her reported meals’ composition that she is taking in too much fat, too much f atty acid, too much total carbohydrate and not enough protein and fiber (RDA, 2011, website). Nutrients are also likely to be below Recommended Daily Intake, especially given her training and exercise regime. She may in fact be in need of supplements in some form or another and be at risk for unstable blood glucose. The client is fairly regular in her sleep/wake patterns – she tends to be asleep by 10:30 p.m. and awakes no later than 7:30 a.m. On occasion, she reports, on the weekends, she may go to bed later, and

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Anatomy and Physiology - Essay Example It also provides the protective outer layer of the body itself (the skin), which also serves as our first line of defense (immune system) against microbes. Connective tissue is quite self explanatory as it does just that, connects and supports tissue with other tissue. For example, our ligaments and tendons are essential in connecting bones and joints for functional movement. There is more than one type of muscle tissue. The term muscle tissue encompasses cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the heart which is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to all of our tissue and organs. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of actin - myosin filaments which act in a manner that can be described as lengthening and contracting. The quadriceps of the legs and biceps of the arms are examples of skeletal muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue is a tissue which works constantly and is involuntary. Neurons are very specific and complex cells which make up the nervous system. They are easily diagramed in 3 parts: The axon, the dendrites and the cell body. The nervous system is composed of neurons and is like the electrical system of the body. It was before mentioned that the skin is the body’s first line of defense as well as a protective outer covering. Mucous membranes are the next line of defense in safe guarding the body against microorganisms. Mucus itself serves as a sort of trap for capturing incoming pathogens and then a means of expelling them from the body. This is why we have excessive mucus and drainage during a cold or â€Å"the flu†. The body has two types of glands known as endocrine glands and exocrine glands. The difference in these two glands is that endocrine glands are ductless while exocrine glands are essentially ducts that connect to anatomical surfaces. Most of the ducts in the body are in fact exocrine.

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen Essay

Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen - Essay Example America's â€Å"Birth Right citizenship† rule is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and has turn illegal immigration not only into a gray area, but a sad one for those illegal immigrant status parents who are forcibly separated from their children who are then placed in the foster care system. From January to June of 2011, more than 46,000 parents with illegal immigrant status were deported by ICE with 21,860 parents asked to leave the country but leave their children as well. These parents are mostly illegals who have violent crime convictions as the government has chosen to concentrate on the the reasons for deportation rather than just simply basing the deportation on not having legal documents to be residing in the United States(Gonzales, â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†). One must point out that the Obama administration has been the most compassionate when addressing the issue of illegal immigrant parent status for the American born childr en. According to Gonzales (â€Å" â€Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Children†): ICE statistics show that 74% of the 46,486 parents of U.S.-citizen children deported had been convicted of crimes. Another 13% had been previously removed from the country, and 4% were fugitives — immigrants who failed to comply with deportation orders. As proven by the aforementioned statistics, selective deportation may be the key to controlling our illegal immigrant problem in terms of those having U.S. born children. It is an acknowledged fact that being born on U.S. soil does not automatically bestow citizenship on the parents of the child. But it does so for the child and by deporting the parents and keeping the child on U.S. soil, our government has a hand in one of the most inhuman and cruel acts that can be committed by an individual. That of separating a parent from a child and breaking up a family. Further complicating the situation, is the fact that the Fourteenth A mendment, which was drafted after the Civil War in order to ensure that the citizenship of freed slaves and their descendants would be protected. The â€Å"birth right† law has not seen even an iota of amending since it was conceived and thus serves the purpose of the illegal immigrants whose children are born in the United States. This is because the law was enacted during the time when the United States still had vast resources in terms of land, food, water, etc., and thus had unregulated immigration. Since our government has kept that law intact to this very day, then the government has no right to deport illegal immigrant status parents from the country (â€Å"Should Birth Right Citizenship Be Denied for U.S. Born Children of Illegal Immigrants?†). This unamendended law has become the basis of heartlessness within our government in terms of dealing with illegal immigrant status parents. In fact, it was U.S. Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard, D-Calif who said that the repo rt on the statistics pertaining to the illegal immigrant parent removals shows: â€Å"... the terrible toll our broken immigration system is taking on families...We can't continue to claim to value families while deporting parents in the tens of thousands.† (Gonzales, â€Å"Stats Detail Deportation of Parents†). The problems posed by the situation are clear to all those concerned. The real question is, â€Å"

How do media affect public opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How do media affect public opinion - Essay Example So let’s take a look at a few concepts of affecting public opinion by media. The term "public opinion" (English public opinion) first was applied in the second half of XII century. English statesman Lord Salisbury used it for definition of moral support of the country for acts of parliament. Gradually the term became common. Public opinion represents a specific manifestation of mass consciousness, based on the estimates (verbal and nonverbal) of social processes and it characterizes the attitude of people to socially significant events and facts, actual problems of social life (Gorodyanenko, pp.308). According to the concept of total influence, public opinion is formed mostly under the considerable influence of mass media information, circulated by communicative channels. Such kind of information largely defines social values and forms stereotypes and cultural dominants in society. Propaganda motives can help form dominants in the society (Gorodyanenko, pp.325-326). Such appro ach to the media leads to the disjunction of society on masses and elite, and the masses is influenced by the elite, despite of being the largest part of it. Elite’s priority is the obtrusion of its standards and values. The elite is much more active object of the structure of society, it determines the value system, cultural and social objects, what helps the elite to subordinate the masses. The concept of the â€Å"mass society† leads us to the perception of necessary changes in the social values, because propagation of the simplified cultural dominants causes the reduction of the common cultural level (Gorodyanenko, pp.327-328). On the other side, there is a concept of limited effects. It’s main idea is that media is not the sufficient impact factor in forming of the public opinion; it is not able to provide the total changes of attitudes and beliefs of individuals and groups. The audience of the media varies on its views on life, and, accordingly, the obtain ed information. Distinct layers and individuals differ much and react differently on what they are told or what they see. But media can cause the unpredictable consequences of their affecting the public, because a man is not a passive recipient of information, but a generator of ideas based on the received information. Pursuant to the concept of limited effects, media is considered to be separated and independent of the authorities. It is a social institute and a spreader of the information, almost free of the external pressure, and its job is only to inform the public, but not to manipulate it. Personally I do not agree with that point of view, so let’s explore in details the mechanisms of TV’s influence, because today it is the most powerful media tool that affects people’s consciousness. Impact on adults Foremost, it’s a political impact. Electioneering makes a strong pressure on the public opinion. Hundreds of promises of political leaders repeated ma ny times gradually do their job because, in spite of his social status or financial situation, a man will always be an optimist. So he would rather vote for the person, who often appears on TV, takes part in different debates and embodies potential though ephemeral desired possibility of living. Also it is important to state that today there is a dominance of the TV-shows and their popularity increases continuously. However, the depicted image of reality in these shows does not always coincide

I Love School Essay Example for Free

I Love School Essay Sixteen years after a sixteen-year-old wrote this book, Francis Ford Coppola turned this novel into a movie. The book is a coming-of-age novel, but the movie focuses on the characters loss of innocence. The movie follows the story line very closely. The reader is only told that this story takes place in the southwest, but the movie places it in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in the year 1966. It also changes the conflict from the East Side versus the West side to the northside versus the southside. This minor directional change was probably made due to the relative time proximity to the musical West Side Story, which won the best picture Academy Award in l961. However, as with all movies, character insight that is critical to understanding the story is lost when the format goes from the written word to the screen. Ponyboy is telling us the story, the same as in the book, but the 91-minute film only glosses over many character relationships. With the exception of Ponyboy, the viewer misses out on knowing most of the novels characters. Darry and Soda are relatively minor characters in the movie, and the viewer is given little insight into their lives. The same is true for the rest of the gang, even Dally. Dallys death loses much of its impact because viewers arent able to get to know him. Only the reader is aware of the fact that Dallys gun is unloaded, and the symbolic death of Dally in the spotlight is gone. Johnnys character is also weaker in the movie than the book. Viewers dont see the growth in his character, because they dont know Johnny. Johnnys appreciation for life at the end of his own is barely noted, but it has great impact on Pony in the novel. The whole point of the telling of Ponyboys story is to give meaning to Johnnys death. Johnny had wanted Ponyboy to tell Dally certain truths, and given that Dally is dead, Pony writes this story down for all of the Dallys in the world: Someone should tell their side of the story, and maybe people would understand then and wouldnt be so quick to judge a boy by the amount of hair oil he wore. The movie and book do begin and end with the same lines, the difference being, only readers understand the meaning behind them.

Hamlet Fortinbras Death

Hamlet Fortinbras Death Hamlet Analysis Hamlets Last Soliloquy â€Å"Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means / To dot† (IV. iv. 46-47). Hamlet, by William Shakespeare is a tragic narrative poem that tells the story of a prince named Hamlet, whose father was murdered by his uncle. Avenging his fathers death and deciding whether to kill his Uncle Claudius becomes a mental struggle for Hamlet throughout the narrative. There are different characters in the play that Hamlet interacts with, but the answers Hamlet needs end up coming from within him. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to show a characters thoughts by speaking them aloud, as the character walks alone in the scene. Hamlets last soliloquy in Act IV, Scene IV shows a dramatic transformation of his character. He begins as a coward, continually postponing the murder of his uncle. After his transformation, he decides to be true to himself and carry out what he intended from the beginning and the death of Claudius becomes inevitable. Scene IV begins at the coast of Denmark with the character Fortinbras, who is the prince of Norway and good friend of Hamlets. Fortinbrass army is preparing for a march on the kingdom of the Danish king as he previously promised would occur. Hamlet learns from the captain of Fortinbrass ship that Fortinbras is preparing to engage in war so that the extent of Norways land can be obtained. Hamlet admires and respects Fortinbras for his ability to take action when Fortinbras promises he will: Witness this army of such mass and charge, Led by a delicate and tender prince, Whose spirit with divine ambition puffed Makes mouths at the invisible event, Exposing what is mortal and unsure To all that fortune, death and danger dare, Even for an eggshell (IV. iv. 48-54). When Hamlet states how he admires Fortinbras, he points out how youthful and superior Fortinbrass qualities are by calling him â€Å"delicate and tender.† Hamlet points out Fortinbrass bravery by saying he makes mean faces (â€Å"makes mouths†) at what lies ahead. This is to be held in high regard in Hamlets eyes because what lies ahead is never really known and most likely to be feared. Hamlet admires that no matter what fortune, danger, and death could do to Fortinbras and his army, they still march on. The admiration in Hamlets tone and words for Fortinbras inspires him to be the brave prince that Hamlet desires to be. The impression given in the text is that Hamlet hears his own words for Fortinbras and wants that esteem and honor for his own name. Hamlet begins to compare himself to Fortinbras. It is implied that Hamlet realizes his weaknesses by comparing himself to the noble Fortinbras. Hamlet covets Fortinbrass ability to control his army and his state. The narrative shows Hamlets inability to control himself, or his own actions so using Fortinbras as a model is what will end up pushing Hamlet to become the honorable man he wishes to be. â€Å"Rightly to be great / Is not to stir without great argument, / But greatly to find quarrel in a straw/ When honors at the stake† (IV. iv. 54-57). He is implying here, as Fortinbras would agree, usually true greatness does not mean rushing into a battle over something insignificant; however, when defending ones honor, even something that seems minor deserves action to be taken immediately. From the text, the impression given describes how Hamlet is being questioned when he knows his father was murdered by his uncle and has yet to do anything about it. Here, it appears that a cha nge is coming over Hamlet. He is no longer debating in his mind whether or not Claudius should be killed, but realizing what he must do in order to protect his own honor and that of his fathers. He continues here with â€Å"How stand I, then, / That have a father killed, a mother stained, / Excitements of my reason and my blood,† (IV, iv. 57-59). Hamlet now knows that he has been living with this shame of knowing his father was killed by his own blood and questions himself as if to say â€Å"How am I standing here living my life knowing what has happened?† â€Å"O, from this time forth / My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth!† (IV, iv. 66-67). This is the pivotal point of the play. It as if an epiphany finally comes over Hamlet and all of his cowardice and second-guessing himself is over. Hamlet is now ready and brave enough to do what he has been set out to do all along. Unlike the famous, â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  soliloquy, Hamlet is no longer fearing the consequences of his future actions. Before his last soliloquy, Hamlet could be described as virtuous and full of integrity, but he was still a coward. Hamlet never followed through with the murder of his uncle. He would even try to make excuses for his actions. When Claudius was praying and talking to God, Hamlet used his being â€Å"holy† at the moment not to kill him. Hamlet was always putting off his uncles death. Hamlet became progressively more confused and the struggle between his thoughts and the consequences seemed to get worse—until the inspiration of Fortinbras and his good virtues and leadership skills helped Hamlet to see clearly what needed to be done. At the end of the narrative, most every character dies, including Hamlet. His death cannot be looked at as heroic nor can it be looked at as shameful. He avenged his fathers death. That was much of the focus of Hamlet and he succeeded in doing so. Fortinbras had an immense influence on Hamlets logic and helped him to get his revenge. Hamlets last soliloquy in Act IV, Scene IV shows the metamorphosis Hamlet needed to draw the courage to kill the king. Shakespeare accomplishes a dramatic transformation of character and uses it to convey no matter how great the change is, it can still end in tragedy.

Luis Valdezs Los Vendidos Essay -- mexico Mexican Los Vendidos Essays

Luis Valdez's Los Vendidos Social science teaches that a person’s self identity is a reflection of that which other people put on the individual, in other words a person’s behavior steams more from what they see of themselves from someone else’s perspective and less from how they see themselves. In the case of the Mexicans, this concept holds true. From that, which has been studied thus far this semester, Mexicans/ Mexican Americans are good examples of this concept. Their sorted past has resulted in a new kind of Mexican American and perhaps a new kind of Mexican. Certainly the Mexicans American’s experience in this country has brought about some changes from the first generation of Mexicans who were born in this country to those who are born here now with native Mexican ancestry. Luis Valdez’z play Los Vendidos is a satirical commentary on not only the sociological concept of self-identity, but also the change that has taken place in the Mexican/Mexican American over the ye ars. What is of particular interest is the meaning of the title of the play. The literal translation is the sold out ones, however a group known as Somos Raza, who are a part of Unià ³n del Barrio (Liberacià ³n Exige Organaizacià ³n), have a somewhat different interpretation of the word. As part of their ten point platform Somos Raza defined the word vendidos as the following: "We recognize Hispanic vendidos as those people who unite with the government and tell us to assimilate with the system - the very same people and system that is oppressing us." The play consists of one scene. The setting is in "Amano Sancho’s Used Mexicans Dealership"; a store that features used Mexicans for sale. The store carries a wide variety of Mexicans. They range from Mexicans as... ...dn’t deserve fair treatment. The result then is a confused Mexican American in search of some self worth. It was really not until the Brown Power Movement of the 60’s and 70’s, which instilled some Mexican pride into those who were born in the US. The play ends with the Raza gathered around a map of the US. The professor reads off all the major cities Mexican have representatives in, one persons speaks out "they think we are robots", he responds "God help us to be humans". All any body wants is to be treated fairly and that is all the vendidos want. To them they best way to do it is wipe out the reflected image whites have put on them, and through it all they have to remain human. Sacrifices have to be made for la causa, but it is for the best. Even if you can’t be what you want for a little while, like Tequi, who was not Tequi anymore, "Its is Erick now, Chula".

Richard Avedon: Changing the Future Through Art Essay -- essays resear

Bright lights, flashes going off, beautiful and famous people everywhere, creative set designs, and everyone working to make the photo shoot perfect. This was the life of famous Richard Avedon. Avedon is one of the most successful photographers of the 20th Century. He is known for his fashion, advertising, exhibitions and book photographs that he has done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Avedon was born in 1923, in New York City. Avedon attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx. He never completed his high school career, and in 1942 Avedon joined the U.S. Merchant Marine Photographic Department. When he returned he joined the Design Laboratory taught at The New School by famous art teacher Alexey Brodovitch. Through this class he started to become well known for his stylistically fashion work that often took place in exotic and vivid locations. Avedon was married in 1944 to Dorcas Nowell, a model known professionally as Doe Avedon. They divorced after five years. In 1951, he married Evelyn Franklin. The pair later separated. In 1945 his photography career began.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He began his career in fashion photography in 1945 with Harper's Bazaar, switching to Vogue magazine in 1966. A retrospective exhibition of his work was mounted in 1978 at New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art. Richard Avedon was the first staff photographer in the history of The New Yorker in 1992. Avedon’s work was a very unique and new way of photography. He was wid...

Pierre de Fermat

Pierre De Fermat was born in France in August of 1601. His father was a leather merchant and his mother’s family was in the legal profession. children, and practiced law. Math was simply just a hobby for Pierre. Pierre De Fermat was a busy lawyer, and didn’t leave much time for his love of math. Since math was just his hobby, he never wanted any of his work to be published. When he did publish his work, it was always anonymously. Fermat would state theorems, but always neglected the proofs. For example, his most famous work, ‘Fermat’s Last Theorem,’ didn’t include a proof until when Andrew J. Wiles provided the first in 1993. He made many contributions in the field of mathematics. For example, he is considered as one of the ‘fathers’ of analytic geometry, along with Rene’ Descartes. He developed a method for determining maxima, minima, and tangents to various curves that was equivalent to differentiation. He obtained a technique for finding the centers of gravity for various plane and solid figures. Also, he is considered to be one of the founders of the probability theory along with Blaise Pascal. Fermat was the first person known to have evaluated the integral of general power functions. He made contributions in the field of optics and provided a law on light and travel. He wrote a few papers about calculus, before Issac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz were even born. Fermat’s most important work was done in the development of the modern number theory, which was one of his favorite areas of math. Pierre de Fermat died in the year 1665. . These annotations are unsupported by proof. During his lifetime, Pierre De Fermat received very little recognition as a mathematician, and if others didn’t save his papers and letters he may not be the legend he is today.

Advanced Paramedical Science

Nausea and vomiting is a commonly encountered problem in the emergency department as it accompanies a multitude of conditions ranging from seemingly benign conditions such as migraine and gastroenteritis to potentially lethal conditions such pancreatitis and the acute abdomen.Studies from the U.S have shown that each year, almost 8 million individuals present to the emergency department with complain of nausea and vomiting, either as a principal complain or as a part of another disease etiology (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, & Weichenthal, 2006, p. 77).Nausea and vomiting are not distinct disease entities. Rather, they are symptoms which can be present in a wide range of disease conditions and are considered to be the ‘end-points’ of several pathological processes (Klosterhalfen and Enck cited in Kowalski, Rapps, & Enck, 2006 p.28). The term nausea refers to the subjective feeling or the urge to regurgitate gastric contents (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d. ).From a physiological point of view, this is associated with reduced gastric motility and increased smooth muscle tone of the small intestine. Moreover, there might also be the presence of reverse peristalsis in the small intestine, which can cause the feeling of imminent regurgitation (Bowen, n.d.).On the other hand, vomiting refers to ‘the forceful discharge of gastric contents’ (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.) which is meant to serve the purpose of protecting the gastrointestinal tract from potentially harmful substances by preventing their entry and transit through the gastrointestinal tract (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).Vomiting, if persistent can have several potentially hazardous consequences such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic derangements, manifesting as alkalosis and even bleeding and esophageal perforation (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.). Moreover, from the patient’s perspective, nausea and vomiting can be distressfu l and thus appropriate and timely management of these two conditions is imperative.The Physiology of Nausea and Vomiting – an overview of the stimuli and pathway involvedFor several decades now, it has been established that the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which is responsible for emesis is the area posterema. This is a region located at the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata near the caudal end of the fourth ventricle. It is one of the ‘circumventricular organs’ and by the virtue of possessing a relatively permeable blood-brain barrier, is sensitive to a variety of stimuli (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5).Thus, it plays an important role in emesis. Studies have shown that there are five main kinds of stimuli which can trigger nausea and vomiting via different pathways viz. the presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen, presence of toxins in the blood, a pathology within the gut, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulus or disturbances in the vestibular system (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5). The mechanism whereby each of these stimuli brings about nausea and vomiting is discussed below.The presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen:The presence of toxins, such as drugs has been shown to stimulate the enteroendocrine cells, such as the enterochromaffin cells, located in the gut mucosa and result in the release of several mediators such as 5HT3, Substance P and CCK.This results in the stimulation of vagal afferent neurons which are located in the abdomen. These neurons traverse through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and are projected to the dorsal brainstem, with some projection in to the area posterema (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5).Presence of toxins in the bloodToxins which have been absorbed and are circulating in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the area posterema and cause induction of emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5). This is the most common mechanism whereby ingested or parenterally administe red drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and other toxins such as drugs of abuse, invoke the emetic response.Gastrointestinal tract pathologiesCertain pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis or hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can stimulate the vagal afferents or directly activate the pathways leading to emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6).Central nervous system (CNS) stimuliCertain stimuli such as intense fear, anticipatory anxiety, injury to the brain or a sudden increase in the intracranial pressure can induce emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6). The mechanism involved in such a response has not yet been elucidated clearly.Disturbances in the vestibular systemAmongst other manifestations of disturbances in the vestibular system, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting is also an important symptom. The vestibular system has been shown to directly stimulate the pathways involved in the emetic response and hence produce nausea and vomiting (Sanger & Andrews, 2 006, p. 6).All these stimuli have been shown to stimulate various pathways which have one common outcome viz. the stimulation of the emetic center in the area posterema. (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.). Several receptors, both central and peripheral, have been implicated in bringing about emesis.Amongst these the most pertinent ones are Dopaminergic receptors (particularly D2), Histaminergic receptors (especially H1), Muscuranic receptors (including M3/M5), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, in particular, 5-HT3 and the neurokinnin receptor, NK1 (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 8)Once any of the above mentioned stimuli are encountered, an afferent response as discussed above is generated. This results in the activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area posterema. Subsequently, a motor response is generated, whereby efferent pathways involving the cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X are activated. Moreover, autonomic responses are also generated (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d .).The vagal efferents to various muscle groups such as those located in the esophagus, stomach and the intestine are activated bringing about stimulation of these muscles (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Moreover, abdominal muscles, phrenic muscles and the diaphragm are also stimulated to bring about the required increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. The combination of both these effects leads to the regurgitation of the gastric contents.Moreover, this is also accompanied by various other manifestations such as an increase in salivation, brought about by the stimulation of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, autonomic stimulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and vasoconstriction of skin vessels (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6).Antiemetic drugs used in pre-hospital careNausea and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems. Over the years, several anti-emetic medications have been discovered to effectively alleviate the symptoms of nausea and vom iting.These drugs work by blocking the pathways involved in the initiation and production of emesis. Various drugs have been developed which block the different receptors, both central and peripheral, involved in producing emesis.The anti-emetic medications which are used in common clinical practice can be grouped in to seven major categories according to their mode of action. These include anti-cholinergics, antiserotonins, antihistamines, Benzamides, Butyrophenones, Phenothiazines and steroids (Scuderi, 2003, p. 43).The mechanism of action and the dosages of the four main anti-emetics used in Ambulance Services in Australia are discussed below:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Metoclopramide (Maxolon):Metoclopramide has been used in clinical practice for several decades now as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, & Barann, 2005, p. 50). These antiemetic functions are thought to be brought about by the antagonistic actions of Metoclopramide on the dopamine (D2) rece ptors, both central and peripheral, and also on the 5HT3 receptors (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, & Barann, 2005, p. 50).On the other hand, the prokinetic action of Metoclopramide are brought about by the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter, the increase in the strength and frequency of peristalsis and an increase in the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (Australasia, 2008).This drug is available in both tablet (white, round, 7mm in diameter) and injection (colorless, aqueous solution) forms (Australasia, 2008). The maximum dose of Metoclopramide commonly used in all age groups is up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight.The recommended dosage regimen for adults is 10mg three times daily while for children it varies between 2.5mg-5mg   three times daily (Australasia, 2008). The metabolism of Metoclopramide takes place in the liver and it is eliminated from the body predominantly via the kidney. (Australasia, 2008)2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)Prochlorperazine is a phenothi azine which has been shown to block the dopamine receptors (D2) in the chemoreceptor trigger zone located near the area posterema. By blockage of these receptors, Prochlorperazine exerts its antiemetic actions. The recommended dosage of Prochlorperazine in is 10 mg intravenously (Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutic cited in Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92).In emergency practice, IV administration of 2.5-10 mg of Prochlorperazine at a rate of up to 5mg/min is recommended for adults. The maximum dose should not exceed 40mg per day. Moreover, IM injections of this drug are also available. They are administered at a dose of 5-10 mg every 3-4 hours (Bartlett, 2009, p. 861).3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ondansetron (Zofran)Ondansetron is a carbazole derivative and is a potent antiemetic drug which is widely used in alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting associated with chemo- and radio- therapies and also in the management of post-ope rative nausea and vomiting (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Its proposed mechanism of action is via selective antagonism at the level of the 5 HT3 receptors (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59).Chemotherapeutic agents are thought to bring about nausea and vomiting via the stimulation of enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa leading to 5HT3 production and subsequent vagal stimulation. This pathway is blocked by 5HT3 antagonists such as Ondansetron.Ondansetron has been shown to have a short half life of approximately 3 to 5 h (Ho & Gan, 2006, p. 607). The recommended dosage of Ondansetron varies between 8-16 mg twice daily (Bartlett, 2009).4. Promethazine (Phenergan)Promethazine is also a phenothiazine but is shown to have dual modes of action. It not only blocks the dopamine receptors (D2) but has also been shown to have anti-H1 histamine receptor effects. It is used for a wide range of purposes including in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo and even allergies (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869).The recomm ended oral dose of Promethazine is 25 mg twice daily. It can also be administered intravenously at a dose of 12.5-25 mg every four hours. The maximum dose is 150 mg/day (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869).PART IIThere are several clinical conditions which can present with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Amongst these the most common condition is gastroenteritis, migraines and pancreatic amongst others.The adequate and timely management of patients with nausea and vomiting has posed a challenge for the clinicians for several decades and although several effective anti-emetics have been discovered, there has been a quest for a single anti-emetic which is efficient, fast acting and relatively safe.In the practice of ambulance services and emergency situations, different anti-emetics are commonly used including Metoclopramide, Chlorpromazine, Ondansetron and Promethazine. Amongst these, in my opinion, the most suitable drug for use in the ambulance service and emergency departments is Metoclo pramide.This is because on comparing the onset of action, clinical efficacy and side effect profiles of the most common anti-emetic agents, it is apparent that Prochlorperazine is superior to all other agents used. Moreover, its cost, availability and easy administration make it suitable for use in the emergency practice. Following is a comparison of the four most commonly used anti-emetic drugs.A common concern with the use of any drug is its safety and side effect profile. Safety becomes more important while dealing with patients in the emergency or ambulance care since limited resources, time and personnel are available in such settings, and the prime concern is the stabilization of the patient and alleviation of his symptoms.Drugs which have potentially unsafe need to be administered with caution and the patients need to be monitored for the occurrence of adverse effects. This is not feasible in emergency and ambulance practice and thus the ideal drugs for use in such settings a re those which have no or minimal side effects.With Metoclopramide, there is a 10-20% incidence of side effects and these side effects are mild. The most common side effects observed with this drug are CNS effects such as anxiety, restlessness and insomnia which can vary in severity (Australasia, 2008).Moreover, it has also been shown to cause fatigue and occasionally can cause extrapyramidal side effects. Another relatively common side effect of Metoclopramide is gynecomastia which occurs as a result of enhanced prolactin secretion (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).A rare complication associated with the use of Metoclopramide is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome which is a medical emergency and can lead to death. However, it is observed in only less than 1 in 10,000 cases (Australasia, 2008) .On the other hand, the phenothiazines including Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have been shown to have a greater number of side effects. Amongst these the ones which arouse the most concern are extrapyramidal symptoms.Extrapyramidal symptoms can range from tremor to akathisia and the potentially hazardous tardive dyskinesias (Australia, 2009). Moreover, they can also manifest as dystonic reactions are similar to the manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Less commonly, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, which is a medical emergency, can also result from the use of these drugs.These effects are thought to be caused due to the central antidopaminergic properties of the phenothiazines on the dopamine receptors. The occurrence of these symptoms is noticed most commonly within 36 hours of initiation of treatment. However, these symptoms are reversible and once the drug is discontinued, they disappear within 24 hrs (Australasia, 2008).It is important to note that with Metoclopramide, the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects is not very common. On the other hand, the phenothiozones such as Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have a much greater incidence of these side effect s.Drotts and Vinson (1999) in their study showed that with the use of Prochlorperazine, incidence of akathisia was 44% within 1 hour and 5% within 48 hours. (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, & Weichenthal, 2006, p. 181). Other studies, such as those of Ernst et. al., have supported these findings.These extrapyramidal symptoms, if severe, have to be treated with intravenous infusions of an anti-cholinergic agent such as diphenhydramine (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92).Other common side effects of phenothiazines include constipation, blurred vision, mild elevation of the hepatic enzymes (if the patient develops cholestatic jaundice), ECG changes, arrhythmias and hypotension (Australia, 2009).Hypotension in patients who are already dehydrated due to vomiting can lead to significant patient distress and is also important from the point of view of health care professionals, as it poses difficulties in patient management in emergency and ambulance settings. Moreover, most phenothiazines, in particular Promethazine are known to cause sedation due to histamine blockade.Promethazine has also been shown to reduce the seizure threshold. Due to the multitude of serious adverse effects of Promethazine the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has restricted its use in children under two years of age (DeCamp, Byerley, Doshi, & Steiner, 2008, p. 859).As compared to Metoclopramide, Ondansetron has relatively lesser side effects. The most commonly encountered adverse effects of this agent include headaches, constipation and mild elevation of serum transaminases (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).But this drug is not preferred over other anti-emetic agents due to its cost and availability issues (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Moreover, it is used more commonly to prevent post-operative nausea and vomiting and in patients receiving chemotherapy and its role in acute settings has not been extensively studied.Pregnancy is one of the most common conditions which present with nausea and vomiting.   Amongst the commonly available anti-emetics only a few are safe to use in pregnancy.Studies have shown Metoclopramide to be safe for use during pregnancy and this drug has not been shown to cause any long term complications in children of mothers using it during pregnancy (Sà ¸rensen, Nielsen, Christensen, Tage-jensen, Ekbom, & Baron, 2000). Similarly the safety of Ondansetron has also been proven by several studies conducted recently (Einarson, Maltepe, Navioz, Kennedy, Kennedy, & Koren, 2004, p. 940).However, both Promethazine and Prochlorperazine belong to Category C and thus   have limited use in pregnancy (Australia, 2009).Another advantage of Metoclopramide is its ability to provide faster relief from the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide has been shown to have a rapid onset of action. Following IV administration, its effects start manifesting in around 1 to 3 minutes, whereas following intramuscular administration, 10 to 15 minutes is required (Australasia, 2008). This rapid action makes it suitable for use in emergency practice,Although there is a paucity of studies comparing the cost effectiveness of Metoclopramide with other antiemetics, studies comparing the cost-effectives in patients undergoing chemotherapy have shown that Metoclopramide to be more cost effective than Ondansetron (Ballatori, et al., 1994).Thus, in conclusion, keeping the side effect profiles, the availability and cost effectiveness of all the anti-emetics in view, in my point of view Metoclopramide is best suited for use in ambulatory settings. Metoclopramide has several benefits over other anti-emetics.It has a fast onset of action which makes its practical for use in emergency settings. Moreover, it has lesser and milder adverse effects as compared to other anti-emetics. In addition, it can be used in all age groups and is safe in pregnancy. Thus, all these properties make Metoclopramide i deal for use in ambulatory care settings.ReferencesAustralasia, V. P. (2008, October 22). Metoclopramide hydrochloride-Data sheet. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Medsafe-INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/m/Maxolontabsyrinjsupp.htmAustralia, S.-A. (2009). Sanofi-Aventis Australia. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Product Information: http://www.sanofi-aventis.com.au/products/aus_pi_phenergan.pdfBallatori, E., Roila, F., Berto, P., De Angelis, V., Neri, C., Olivieri, A., et al. (1994). Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of ondansetron versus metoclopramide regimens: a hospital perspective from Italy. Pharmacoeconomics , 227-37.Bartlett, J. &. (2009). 2009 Nurse's Drug Handbook . Jones & Bartlett .Bowen, R. (n.d.). Physiology of Vomiting. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from The Stomach: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/vomiting.htmlBraude, D., Soliz, T., Crandall, C., Hendey, G., Andrews, J., & Weichenthal, L. (2006). Anti emetics in the ED: a randomized controlled trial comparing 3 common agents. American Journal of Emergency Medicine , 177–182.DeCamp, L. R., Byerley, J. S., Doshi, N., & Steiner, M. J. (2008). Use of Antiemetic Agents in Acute Gastroenteritis:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of pediatric and adolescnet medicine , 858-865.Drotts, D. L., & Vinson, D. R. (1999). Prochlorperazine Induces Akathisia in Emergency Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine .Einarson, A., Maltepe, C., Navioz, Y., Kennedy, D., Kennedy, D., & Koren, G. (2004). The safety of ondansetron for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy:a prospective comparative study. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 940–943.Ernst, A. A., Weiss, S. J., Park, S., Takakuwa, K. M., & Diercks, D. B. (2000). Prochlorperazine Versus Promethazine for Uncomplicated Nausea and Vomiting in the Emergency Department: A Randomized,Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals ofEmergency Medicine , 89-94.Ho, K .-Y., & Gan, T. J. (2006). Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology , 606–611.