Rationale For Tourism Development In India Tourism Essay Essay Example

Reason For Tourism Development In India Tourism Essay Section 1: Tourism Development Before voyaging profound into task there are a few footings which we need to mull over. Footings are clarified underneath The travel industry TourismA isA travelA forA recreational, A leisureA orA businessA purposes. TheA World Tourism OrganizationA definesA touristsA as individuals who travel to and stay in topographic focuses outside their typical condition for more than 24 ( 24 ) hours and non more than one consecutive twelvemonth for recreation, concern and different expectations non identified with the practicing of an action compensated from inside the topographic point visited. We will compose a custom article test on Rationale For Tourism Development In India Tourism Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Rationale For Tourism Development In India Tourism Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Rationale For Tourism Development In India Tourism Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Vacationer Vacationer is person who goes from his private topographic point to non-private topographic point for pleasance, concern or individual grounds, the duration of the stay is non over half year at non private topographic purpose of the explorer. What is judicious turn of events? Balanced advancement ordinarily identifies with the fortunes that makes improvement any completion or topographic point. ( Badjatia, 2008 ) Picked finish? According to the viewpoint of the task India has been picked as a completion for the equivalent. Judicious for touristry advancement in India Financial improvement of nations The travel industry presented significant financial advantages to the: Community along these lines gladdening the personal satisfaction. It can farther further advancement even in nations where other monetary exercises would be difficult to drag out. Expanding work possibilities The travel industry produces business straight and in a roundabout way, for around 13-14 million individuals. Work chances ought to be in any event two-fair hit of the current degree before the curve of the century. Creating local touristry especially for the spending class Local tourers structure most of universe tourer traffic. In India in addition, establishments for residential tourers will be improved and extended exceptionally the spending class in order to ensure a minimal effort get-away for them impacts of touristry on human progress and the earth in India. Advancement of global touristry and enhancement of remote trade overall gains. Worldwide touristry contributes well to outside trade total compensations and keeping up in position the state s requests, touristry mourn be created to such an extent that remote trade overall gains expansion from Rs. 2440 crores to Rs. 10,000 crores by the terminal of the century ( US $ 813 to 3,333 million @ Rs.30 per US S ) . Broadening of the touristry stock While holding the customary picture of social touristry that India appreciates, variegation of the touristry product would go on, exceptionally the field of recreation, caper, show and motivating force touristry, in this manner responding to the changing customer requests. Expansion in India s divide in universe touristry Before long the outside tourer reachings in India comprise simply around 0.4 percent of the whole remote tourers movement everywhere throughout the universe. One of the points of the activity program is increment India s segment to 1 percent inside the accompanying five mature ages ( unesdoc.unesco.org ) Safeguarding of national legacy and condition The travel industry would be created in a mode that our social look and legacy are introduced in the entirety of its signs including backing to humanistic trains and exchanges. Conservation and enhancement of condition ought to other than arrange an inherent segment of touristry improvement. Partners Individual, A gathering, or association that has immediate or roundabout stakeA in an association since it can affect or be influenced by theA organizationsA activities, A destinations, andA strategies. Key partners in aA businessA association includeA lenders, customers, A directors, A representatives, A governmentA ( and its dressers ) , An ownersA ( investors ) , A suppliers, A fraternities, and theA communityA from which the worry draws its assets. ( www.businessdictionary.com ) Partners in India Leasers Visitors The travel industry associations Government associations Outside money Financial specialists Partners benefitting from touristry in India Geting cash-flow to place being developed of tourer finish. Outside money In the state increments resulting into direct turn of events. Coevals of work Better life way of the individuals in the spot state. An UNWTO capable manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics A ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 14. Badjatia, K. ( 2008 ) . The Rational Development ( 2 ed. ) . Indore: A.K. Distributers. hypertext move convention:/unesdoc.unesco.org/pictures/0012/001216/121600eo.pdf hypertext move convention:/www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html

Quality Control Department Essay

While trying to reduce expenses in the Quality Control Department of XYZ Deli, it is imperative to initially recognize the expenses to figure out which parts of the company’s quality control procedure can be wiped out, if any whatsoever. Quality control expenses can be partitioned into three distinct orders. These characterizations are counteraction costs, evaluation expenses and disappointment costs (Stevenson, 2008). Avoidance costs will be costs created during the time spent obstructing item mix-ups or blemishes so as to gracefully clients with XYZ Deli brand quality items or to improve current items. Avoidance costs are the most vital of the quality control costs. It is more affordable and significantly less hard to fix a blemish or imperfection before the item arrives at the client. Avoidance costs incorporate arranging and managerial system costs, yet additionally instruction/preparing and expanded hardware upkeep costs. It is significant that all workers are prepared precisely all through the quality control process so as to create XYZ Deli quality items and to guarantee a decrease in the chance of mistaken structure and profitability (Stevenson, 2008). Potential tradeoffs for this expense would be if representatives are not prepared appropriately, guaranteeing the activity is being done effectively; may bring about the creation of unacceptable item. This might make loss of deals or opportunity costs in light of the fact that the items are by and large inadequately created. Be that as it may, expanding the time spent preparing workers could postpone the creation procedure. This would likewise make opportunity costs in light of the fact that the item would take more time to getâ to the client. While anticipation costs are generally indispensable, evaluation costs are important to guarantee clients are being furnished with the top notch items anticipated from the XYZ Deli brand. This would incorporate expenses of examination of items to decide whether item gauges and boundaries are being met, just as to recognize any item imperfections. A case of evaluation costs is assessment costs. Examination costs are brought about during the quality testing process. This incorporates the expense of the review office and reviewer inspector compensations, just as any materials, machines or instruments used to test XYZ Deli brand items (Stevenson, 2008). A likely tradeoff to not investigating item could likewise permit imperfect item to arrive at the client, making opportunity costs. Ineffectively delivered items won't be generally welcomed. At any rate, the tradeoff for appropriately assessing all the item being delivered could interfere with the time it takes for the item to arrive at t he market; additionally making chance expenses. At last, disappointment costs are created when parts of the item or the item itself is flawed. Disappointment expenses can be either inner or outside. Interior disappointments are those distinguished in one of the creation stages; before the item arrives at the client. There are various issues that add to an inward disappointment; such issues include: broken materials got, ill-advised treatment of material, blemished gear, and ill-advised utilization of hardware. Instances of inward disappointment costs are loss of creation time, useless material and the expense of recovering past work or potentially the reconstructing of the item, just as the expense of examining the adjusted item. Different instances of inward disappointments incorporate conceivable harm to hardware; conceivable security issues causing representative wounds. Outside disappointments are disappointments that are recognized after the client has gotten the item. Such issues are not found during creation or review process. These expenses are significantly more costly and considerably more hard to address on the grounds that the item has just arrived at the purchaser. Instances of a disappointment costs incorporate overseeing client objections, responsibility and conceivable suit. Administering guarantee issues, giving substitutions and installments are likewise instances of disappointment costs. Anâ important disappointment expenses to maintain a strategic distance from is the loss of client faithfulness (Stevenson, 2008). Not exclusively does XYZ Deli need to enlist new clients, it is essential to hold current esteemed clients. Not figuring out how to deal with the customer may give the organization a poor notoriety, making greater open door costs. While every one of these expenses is costly, they are essential in keeping up the notoriety of a developing organization, for example, XYZ Deli. Counteraction examination costs are the ideal method to scatter reserves since they forestall disappointment costs. Disappointment costs are considerably more costly for the organization, as far as cash, yet in addition as far as the company’s notoriety, cooperative attitude and the capacity to hold current esteemed clients. On the off chance that XYZ Deli invests the energy and cash on the suitable, for example, guaranteeing appropriate preparing underway and review, the organization will set aside cash later on. References Stevenson, W. (2008). Tasks the executives (tenth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill ISBN-13: 978-0-07-337784-1.

jackie robinson :: essays research papers

The Immigration Act of 1924 announced this, â€Å"the number of every nationality who might be conceded yearly is constrained to 2 percent of the number of inhabitants in such nationality occupant in the US as indicated by the statistics of 1890† (A). There are numerous reasons why this was passed. Those Reasons being; the loss of American occupations, the powerlessness to effectively absorb settlers, and the partiality of the gatherings and individuals of the time.      One explanation behind the death of the Immigration Act of 1924 is the loss of American employments. Foreigners of the opportunity arrived to the United States hoping to expand his present circumstance, to improve as a progressively wealthier man. â€Å"The way of life of the average workers of the United States has been and still is better than that of the countries which have outfitted the heft of the immigrants† (C). The main issue with the settlers coming to America to work was the way that there essentially was insufficient occupations for both the jobless American specialists and the migrants. This causes an issue for the Americans as the foreigners take lower compensation than that of the normal specialist. Normally the entrepreneurs will enlist the less expensive work along these lines leaving the American specialist jobless. Many work associations, for example, the American Federation of Labor and the Junior Order of United American Mechanists (H) suppo rted the represent only this explanation; American employments were going to settlers new off the vessel.      The settlers getting these ‘American jobs’ were not, and didn't at times need to be effectively acclimatized. â€Å"These outsider people groups are inconsistently and racially unfitted for simple osmosis; that they are living during a time a few centuries behind our own. They are white, they can peruse a couple of lines, and they have a couple of dollars - so in they come. We need three ages to teach, to crossbreed with Western strains and to absorb an enormous number of those that we have here now† (F). Instruction appeared not to be the main issue. Many instructed second ages migrant men were still, racially and irritably, some portion of their nationality. Along these lines the finish of this is the United States needs to restrict the measure of workers it allows in consistently, week, month, and year. â€Å"The majority of these unassimilated outsiders despite everything live intellectually in the ghetto or as workers on the extraordinary bequ ests.

How 9/11 changed people’s life in the USE

How 9/11 changed people’s life in the USE An overwhelming occasion that would always modify our regular day to day existences. On September 11, 2001-a day that will never be overlooked the United States experienced one of the most exceedingly terrible fear based oppressor assaults. 19 radicalist related with al-Qaeda did a self destruction assault at the world exchange place, pentagon and pennsylvania murdering around 3,000 individuals. (9/11 assault) Out of the three assaults, the planes that flew into the twin towers at the world exchange place New York City was the most dangerous. The entire country was in a condition of stun the same number of viewed the terrible occasion occurring on live TV. The smoke coming out of the structures, individuals leaping out of windows in urgent any expectations of getting away from the fire, and individuals crying in the city as they watch everything occur. It required a period of fellowship and backing for each other. In spite of the fact that it is its sixteenth year commemoration, we c an even now observe its impact today. Americans point of view changed on muslims, production of country security and the steady war on fear are a portion of the durable impacts the 9/11 assault had on America. It’s no inquiry that 9/11 changed Americans point of view on muslims in a negative manner. As indicated by Ohio State University’s country survey, about 20% of americans said they are reluctant to have a muslim companion (Sirota). It expanded by more than twofold from past survey which was 9%. They have additionally finished up more Americans are probably going to contradict limitations on muslim Americans. In spite of the fact that the word reference meaning of psychological oppression is â€Å"the unlawful utilization of brutality and terrorizing, particularly against regular people, in the quest for political points, its undertone has changed. Presently individuals consider fear mongering a vicious demonstration that is submitted by muslims. For instance the movement boycott, otherwise called the muslim boycott, is a bill that permits the president to stop â€Å"certain gatherings of individuals from six larger part Muslim nations from entering the United Statesâ⠂¬  (Lind). As per Jennifer Williams, â€Å"Between 2001 and 2015, additional Americans were slaughtered by homegrown conservative fanatics than by Islamist terrorists†,( Lind) This shows we consequently partner muslims with psychological militants exercises however when an American does a horrendous demonstration we for the most part regulate it as a psychological issue. As per surveys directed by Reuters/Ipsos, with about a dominant part of the survey, 49 percent â€Å"strongly† or â€Å"somewhat† concurred with the boycott, while 41 percent â€Å"strongly† or â€Å"somewhat† differ and 10% of them were uncertain (Giaritelli). A bigger number of individuals choose for it than against it which shows Americans see on muslims and their common freedoms. Like the movement boycott, the U.S has numerous organizations and bills that help with the general wellbeing and security of the nation. U.S. Migration and Customs Enforcement, Transportation Security Administration, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection are among the 22 offices under Homeland Security which was made in 2002 under president Bush. Country security was made as an immediate consequence of the fear based oppressor assault. These offices have become a piece of a regular American lives when voyaging, managing digital security issues or basically a cataclysmic event. As per Homeland security’s yearbook of movement measurements, after 9/11 expelling multiplied, from 200,000 preceding the assault to 400,000 (Green). The transportation Security Administration has changed the manner in which individuals voyaged until the end of time. Prior to 9/11 and country security was made, fluid was permitted on flights and full body scanners resembled sci-fi. Presently, we have in cidental pat-downs, full body checks, careful pursuit on individuals and their effects. That used to be finished by privately owned businesses of the air terminal however now that is a government duty. Presently it has developed so much that in addition to the fact that they try to forestall fear monger assaults they plan for any man-made or catastrophic events. The most significant dependable impact of 9/11 is the manner by which the war on dread influenced the nation in numerous perspectives. In 2001, same year as the assault, President Bush announced war in Afghanistan to discover equity on Osama Bin Laden. After a year, he proclaimed war on Iraq for mass demolition. This has been perhaps the longest war as it just reached a conclusion in 2011. As indicated by an investigation by â€Å"The Balance†, U.S economy segment, the expense of the two wars for country security is roughly $1.146 trillion under Bush, 807 billion under Obama, and planned 156 billion under Trump (Amadeo). In all out it was $ 2.126 trillion, a major increment in spending, which brought about the U.S obligation emergency increment. This war on fear is as yet a continuous battle as psychological warfare is by all accounts ceaseless. In may of 2011 the pioneer of the Al-Qaeda bunch that was behind the assault, Osama container Laden, was affirmed dead. The U.S SEALS six group under President Obama, had the option to effectively discover and execute the psychological militant pioneer. The nations profound contribution in nations like Afghanistan and Iraq have made a much more serious issue like ISIS. ISIS represents Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The makers of ISIS concentrated fundamentally on the undesirable association of the U.S in the center east. They have made purposeful publicity recordings saying only that and have had the option to select many including American residents. As indicated by look into from the New America establishment, ISIS has asserted 7 assaults in the U.S that lead to 82 passings. The chief of counterterrorism, Nick Rasmussen, communicated his anxiety about the developing number of selected ISIS American individuals and expressed by the U.S knowledge â€Å"150 American resident and occupants have made a trip or endeavored to go to Syria’s outside fighters†(Alfred). It’s not just individuals who travel to Syria that have become a worry yet particularly the individuals who living on U.S soil and completely bolster the convictions of ISIS. Myre of the two-way breaking news expressed â€Å"Virtually all the lethal assaults since Sep t. 11, 2001, have been done by homegrown extremists†. Presently the exertion isn't simply war on dread in nations like Afghanistan and Iraq yet in addition to prevent Americans from joining or submitting such a demonstration. One thing we can’t overlook, the fighters. In light of this long war on dread, there have been thousands dead and many enduring physical or mental issues. Altogether, there were 2 million sent to Afghanistan and Iraq. As per U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations, 6,000 troopers were dead and 44,000 were injured. (Green) From those 18% of them experienced Post Traumatic Stress issue (PTSD) and about 20% experienced Traumatic cerebrum injury(TBI). The war on dread would influence the veterans as well as their families as well. Many would have never envisioned that the 9/11 assaults would in any case influence regular day to day existences 16 years after the fact yet it most likely is. President Bush took care of the assault well by making a move and making Homeland Security and proclaiming war on fear in endeavors to ensure the nation later on. Security has gotten such a great amount of more tightly at such huge numbers of spots particularly when voyaging. Numerous spots around the nation have crisis readiness designs set up for a wide range of calamities due to the organizations under Homeland Security. A major achievement was made on Bush’s war on dread when the SEAL 6 effectively slaughtered Osama Bin Laden under president Obama. The war on fear has been progressing since the time the 9/11 assault and will proceed until psychological oppression is halted. The war on fear influenced the economy adversely, changed America’s point of view on muslims and made physical and mental wounds numerou s warriors. The most serious issue it made is ISIS which doesn’t like U.S contribution in the center east. Albeit 9/11 had many negative effects, it didn't break the nation yet join together and make it more grounded.

A Proposal for the City of New York, the Avant-Garde, and Current Art Essay

A Proposal for the City of New York, the Avant-Garde, and Current Art Practices - Essay Example Wodiczko himself appears to be especially attached to the progressive Situationist International, frequently referencing them with respect to his work. The Situationists consolidated Marxist belief system and joined the feeling of political philosophy and craftsmanship. It began in the late 1950s as an evaluate of free enterprise. With respect to its social and creative cutting edge structure, it harkens back to what Poggioli finds in The Theory of the Avant-Garde as the start of the vanguard. Poggioli distinguishes the imaginative inceptions in 1870s France as, â€Å"†¦the associations between the political left and the scholarly left were adequately obviously characterized and critical to an age that accomplished â€Å"L'Annà ©e Terrible,†Ã¢â‚¬  L'Annà ©e Terrible being a progression of sonnets by Victor Hugo that combined contemporary French political concerns in regards to the Franco-Prussian War with abstract avant-gardism. Without a doubt, numerous journalists h ave recognized the early associations among aesthetic and scholarly developments and the craving to establish dynamic social changes. Linda Nochlin cites craftsmanship pundit Thã ©ophile Thorã ©, who wrote in 1855, â€Å"Art changes just through solid feelings, feelings sufficiently able to change society at the equivalent time.† In the mid nineteenth century Henri de Saint-Simon proposed that to change present day society it would be just important to sort out educated people and craftsmen and get then together with architects and innovators.

7 Transgender History Books for LGBTQIA+ History Month and Beyond

7 Transgender History Books for LGBTQIA+ History Month and Beyond February is LGBTQIA+ History Month in the UK. It’s an important month to honour our history and culture, to celebrate and to mourn. But as with the other eleven months, the most focus is always placed on Gay history and people, whilst Trans history and people are largely ignored. To help correct that balance here is a collection of nonfiction Transgender history books written by Transgender and Nonbinary authors. Here, a broad definition of Transgender history is used to include the histories of transgender/transexual [and other culturally specific terms, including Hijra], gender nonconforming, cross-dressing, and other peoples who have either not identified with or conformed with the gender they were assigned at birth. Most of our words around the Transgender/Gender-Nonconforming experience are modern and so a more narrow definition reduces the accuracy with which these words can be applied to people from our history. But whilst some of our words are new our experiences of gender are not. There are many more books out there that tell our history, including historical fiction, books by Cisgender and non-trans authors, and books about other culturally specific experiences of gender, so once you’ve read these there’s much more Transgender history to read and learn. Trans Britain: Our Journey from the Shadows edited by Christine Burns This collection of essays from Transgender people and gender experts explores the history of  Transgender experience, activism, and justice in the UK from the 1930s until now. This book tells the ongoing story of the effects of politics, medicine, and the media on Transgender lives. Shows how much history has been lost, how much has changed, and how enormously far we still have to go in the quest for justice, equality, and wellbeing for Trans folks. Transgender Warriors: Making History from Joan of Arc to Dennis Rodman by Leslie Feinberg A very personal exploration of gender expression and nonconformity throughout history. This book shows that Transgender and Gender nonconforming folks are not new, we have always been here, throughout history, and across cultures. Leslie Feinberg’s novel Stone Butch Blues is another important Transgender History read, unflinching in its honesty about the brutalities gender non-conforming folk face. At Feinberg’s request, Stone Butch Blues is available for free online at  http://www.lesliefeinberg.net. Histories of the Transgender Child by Julian Gill-Peterson The twentieth-century history of Transgender and Intersex children is revealed in this book through archival research and medical literature. Children have been Transgender for as long as adults have and have played a central role in the medicalisation of all Transgender people. Emphasis is placed on the racial history and how Trans children who are Black or People of Colour are excluded from medicine. Trap Door: Trans Cultural Production and the Politics of Visibility edited by Reina Gossett Paradoxically increasing Trans visibility has coincided with an increase in violence against Trans folk (especially Trans Women of Colour) and increased legal suppression of Trans rights. In these essays interconnected issues including beauty, performativity, activism, and police brutality are discussed as ways that Trans bodies and communities are only acceptable and provided visibility if we conform to dominant norms that we don’t fit into. Our Lives Our Words Telling Aravani Lifestories by A. Revathi The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has seen some of the biggest victories in the fight for rights for Aravani or Hijra people. Many of the Aravanis who fought for these groundbreaking changes tell their stories in this book, with some of the first narratives of Hijra lives written and collected entirely by members of the Hijra community. Transgender History by Susan Stryker Exploring American Transgender history chronologically from the mid-twentieth century to today Transgender History covers many major events, movements, and writings. With biographies of key people from Transgender history, quotes from major texts, and discussions of changing politics and visibility. Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity by C. Riley Snorton This multi-award winning book traces the intersections of Blackness and Transness from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. Despite the interlinked nature of anti-Black and anti-Trans legislation and violence, Black people are frequently erased from Trans narratives, here these stories are uncovered to better allow us to conceive more liveable Black and Trans worlds. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency - 2750 Words

Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) (Essay Sample) Content: IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY Students NameCriminal lawDate IntroductionImmigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) is among United States investigative departments. In the Homeland Security department, it is the largest arm. The investigative department of United States has more than 6500 special agents working in different cities in U.S. Apparently; the special agents cover over 200 cities in United States and as well other 47 nations. ICE is responsible for enforcing both immigration and custom laws in United States. It comes second from FBI in the law enforcement of the government. Officers in the ICE department of law enforcement monitor illegal businesses taking place in United States, illegal immigrants entering United States and illegal immigrants working in United States. More so, working with the custom department in United States, the law enforcement department monitors smuggling of goods in the United States territories. The paper is an analysis of Immigration and Custom Enforcement Agency (ICE). History and formation of ICEIn United States, immigration became an issue when the country received a wave of European and Asian immigrants. In this period, the number of immigrants in United States increased. Therefore, different cities had different laws and policies governing immigration process. However, in 1875 the federal government of United States ruled the policy of cities governing and controlling their immigration policies and made it its responsibility of controlling the immigration process. During this period, the government developed different offices playing the role of controlling immigrants from other nations into the U.S where they processed their information, admitted them and as well in other cases rejected their admission to United States. This was a success to the nation in meeting the objective of controlling immigration in United States.However, the nation faced a similar problem dealing with immig ration during the First World War. However, in this period, the nation implemented a control policy through the already existing offices. The immigration department provided a limited number of visas to the nation and as well issued quota based on census figures. Due to the limited visas and quota policy adopted by the government, illegal immigration to the nation began. In addition, United States experienced a period of smuggling of immigrants along their physical borders. This raised concern over review of immigration enforcement laws and later made the federal government to conduct a Border Patrol. Deportation of illegal immigrants followed as a control measure of reducing and controlling immigrants in the nation. Immigrants in any nation pose a threat to the security of the nation and appear as causes and implementers or terror attacks taking place in any nations. Similarly, in United States, in September 11 2001, when the nation experienced a terrorists attack that left many c itizens dead, the federal government reviewed its immigration policies and implemented laws aiming at controlling the number of illegal immigrants in the nation. On the other hand, since the terrorists had illegally hijacked United States commercial lines, the federal government immediately reviewed its government operations based on the immigration and internal security of the nation. Other internal security departments and agencies erupted in the nation. In 2003, Department of Homeland Security started. Later, under the Department of Homeland Security, the nation created the Immigration and Custom Enforcement agency. The agency was responsible for effectively enforcing the immigration laws developed and as well impose customs on illegal smuggling of goods into the nations. Furthermore, this agency was to protect United States from terror attacks (information reviewed from; ALLGOV; Everything Our Government Really Does; U.S. Immigration and Custom Enforcement ICE). The ICE happens to be the biggest investigative component of the Homeland Security. The taskforce also ticks in second on the list of largest contributors to the Joint Terrorism Task Force in the nation. Roles of Immigration and Custom Enforcement Agency in United StatesThe agency has a responsibility of governing the federal laws of United States. Its responsibilities vary from ensuring no illegal and smuggling of goods take place at the borders. More so, the agency governs criminal laws and as well civil laws influencing trade and customs in United States. The agency is investigative in nature since it has a high reliance on undercover agents while carrying out its activities in United States. Apparently, its operation gains support from cooperative defendants that aid them in gaining access to illegal immigrants in the nation. As seen earlier, the agency began after United States faced a terror attack in 2011. Therefore, the agencys top priority was preventing terror attacks and as well preven ting other hostile nations from attaining access to the United States secret weapons. The agency plays crucial roles of detecting and as well preventing terrorist attacks. The agency does so by intercepting communications, attack preparations, financial support and limiting the entry into the US especially for suspects. The ICE has a National Security Division, which is in charge of the terrorist attacks and works closely with the FBI. The agency takes the fight against terrorism as a very serious course. The ICE has the mandate to singling out people who pose as the terrorist or are suspect of committing terror crimes. The agency then goes ahead to detain a suspected terrorist for questioning until they can find the information they are in search of. In such cases, the ICE can end up being successful while other time there is nothing really to find out from the suspects. The only thing is to find that the suspect was an innocent citizen and the agency has no option but to let such people free. Similarly, as with other security agencies in other nations, ICE comprises of different departments performing different roles. Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations (ASTI) department is one unit in the agency that is responsible for investigating violations of sensitive technology from United States and as well access of hostile nations to United states weapons. The unit educates manufacturers on exportation laws and gives them assistance in ensuring that they are not prone to terrorists and as well other nations. Interrelation with other security departments in United StatesMost people confuse the functions of the ICE with those of the U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). More so, there is a great confusion between the U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) with the ICE. Nevertheless, despite the interrelation between the agencies, there lies a great difference in the agencies responsibilities in implementing federal laws in United States. The Un ited States CBP is in charge of protecting borders of the nation. The agency is supposed to prevent the entry of terrorists and weapons which may belong to the terrorist from entering into the U.S territory. The USCIS takes responsibility when it comes to: organization of immigration and naturalization mediation capacities and securing movement administrations arrangements and necessities. Compared to the functions of the two agencies, the role of the Ice is very clear and in no way compromises the responsibilities of the USCIS and CBP. The ICE is not only concerned with the threats to nations borders: it also caters for the security of infrastructure, economy and the transport sector. The Immigrations and Customs Enforcement comprises of a combination of the former US Customs, some departments within the Federal Protective Service and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The combination of all these taskforces into one single agency was to make a stronger agency with a common goal: safeguarding immigration law and service in matters of national security. National security is one of the key factors for any government to consider. Without national security, the economy of a nation is put at risk and so many other factors. Therefore, national security should rather be an obligation and not an option to the government in power. The functions that were under the Immigration and Naturalization Service are now divided into the whole agency under different players. The ICE particularly deals with the deportation of illegal immigrants as one of its major duties. The agency is also supposed to deal with the state, local and federal agencies. The corporation between the above parties ensures that the national security is put first without compromise. The workers of the agency are also tasked with the responsibility of managing the ICE Detention Centers. Organization of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency in enforcing criminal laws The leadership o f the ICE is under a director whose appointment is done by the President at the Sub- Cabinet level. The appointment, however, has to be approved by the Senate. The director of the ICE, however has a responsibility of making reports to the Secretary of Homeland Security. The agency has over twenty thousand employees, situated in all the fifty offices and others in forty-seven foreign counties. The agency runs on a budget of over $5.6 billion, and the agency has two major operation units: Homeland Security Services and Enforcement and Removal Operations. The current Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is Thomas S. Winkowski. Winkowski was elected to the position on March 16, 2014. In his position, Mr. Winkowski is tasked with the responsibility promoting homeland security and safeguarding the safety of the public. In his aid, there are about four hundred federal laws...

Analysis Of The Bell Jar A Streetcar Named Desire ...

Compare and contrast the imagery of death and decay in the opening sections of ‘The Bell Jar’, ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and ‘Hamlet’. Sylvia Plath’s 1963 novel ‘The Bell Jar’, Tennessee Williams’ 1947 play ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ and William Shakespeare’s 1603 play ‘Hamlet’, share many similarities, albeit there are also differences, in the way in which the themes of death and decay are presented. Sylvia Plath’s poor mental health, which subsequently lead to her suicide on February 11th 1963, may be seen to be reflected in her novel, ‘The Bell Jar’. Death may be deemed to have a lack of meaning throughout her novel due to the casual manner in which the protagonist and narrator, Esther Greenwood, deals with death. Esther’s father passed away when she was nine years old, and she feels that his death marked the point at which she changed, resulting in her mental health becoming unstable. However, along with her mother, she ‘had never cried for [her] father’s death’ (p.159). This clearly demonstrates how Esther deals with death; it is a necessary part of life, and to Esther, as aforementioned, her mental health has caused her to view death as more desirable than ‘sitting under the same glass bell jar, stewing in [her] own sour air’ (p. 178). Moreover, Esther’s numerous attempts at s uicide remind the reader that Esther believes the only ‘way out’ is death. For example, in Chapter Thirteen, Esther asks her friend Cal, how he would kill

A Literature Review On Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3616 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Terrorism has deep history science the cold war but this issue become most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international business community in various ways. On one hand the world business community was affected financially, the other hand it suffers due to legal and security issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Literature Review On Terrorism" essay for you Create order The international business between countries was most seriously affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed countries were compulsion to protect their territory and people on the cost of business with the rest of the world. Many businesses found themselves floundering financially in the months after the terrorist attack on world Trade Centre, while businesses located in world trade centre lost their personal and business locations. According to U.S department of state (2002) more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks only in the United States in September 11, 2001. The attacks were the conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. According to the overview of European commission (2001) this was the one of the major event in the past decades which diversifies the viewpoint and outlook of people around the world. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term perspectives of the businesses around the world. Czinkota (2002) cited that terrorism influenced long term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries. In this competitive age, the business environment is changing dramatically. The international business has culminated in a global economy, with diverging cultures. But, there are strong protests against globalization echoing its destabilizing effects from many corners of the world. Terrorism can be seen, in substantial part, as a result of this backlash to the businesses. There are number of definitions of terrorism, in the world of Alexander et al (1979) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorism is a threat or use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal by means of intimidation fear, and coercionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the present world context, the European Union (2001) define the terrorism relevant to international business in the following words. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Terrorist offences are certain criminal offenc es set out in a list comprised largely of serious offences against persons and property which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: seriously intimidating a population; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In UK terrorism is not new phenomenon but businesses were highly affected due to September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incident. Although the economic impact on UK businesses has not been detrimental as initially feared but it is very important not to diminish the impact of even small unforeseen costs can have on businesses in particular. However many UK businesses were relived that tangible impact of terrorist attacks had been very small but busin ess confidence is the key and has inevitably been affected in short term. The biggest economic impacts of past twenty years terrorist attacks is the damage to confidence in the UK businesses and people. This study is another attempt to research and investigates the impacts of terrorism on the UK businesses activities and we will also discuss different approaches for reducing and handling the terrorism threats. 1.1 Research Aim: The aim of this research is to analyse and explore the economic effects of terrorism on businesses in the United Kingdom. The second part of this research is to critically analyse and recommend the most appropriate strategies for management to deal with the terrorist threats or scrutinize the different business strategic views to avoid and minimise the impact of terrorism on UK businesses. 1.2 Research Objectives: This research has the following individual objectives: Critically analyse the economic impact of terrorism on UK organizations and the entire economy in UK. Evaluate the managerial performance in organizations, before, during and after the happening of the terrorist attacks and in uncertain environment. 1.3 Research Questions: What are the economic effects of terrorism on business? How to development strategy for managers or adopt a better approaches to deal with above mentioned issues? 2. Literature Review: In this era terrorism is arguably one of the biggest threats to the business around the world. It can take many shapes and forms. The last twenty years have seen a dramatic rise in terrorism. Terrorism did not begin in 21st century after World Trade Centre terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. The terrorism history is as old as humansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ willingness to use violence to affect politics. Europe, United States and other continents have a very long and sad history of terrorist attacks. In past century IRA in UK, ETA in Spain, Brigate Rosse in Itely, Rote Armee Fraktion in Germany, 7 November in Greece are the few worse examples of terrorist groups in Europe. In United States we remember the bombing in Oklahoma City in 1994, World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. But September 11 2001 attacks have changed the world, as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“none of the issue that faced us on 11 September 2001 has be come less urgentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Now the terrorism has grown to an unprecedented limit and in multiplicity. As we know that, even terrorist without the use of weapons of mass destruction can kill thousands of people and destroy businesses (Gabriele G.S. Suder 2004). According to Blomberg et al 2004 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorism is associated with a diversion of spending from investment to governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expenditureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. To fund these government expenditures, they borrow from foreign financial institutions and governments. The develop countries with less volatile currencies normally issue long term debts to cover the deficit and less developing countries confronting terrorism by government spending through sale of foreign reserves, printing more currency and increasing inflation. Gupta Clements (2004) reached the same conclusion, that the terrorist activities severe impacts on less develop countries than developed from monetary policy perspective. Terrorism has it s massive effects on economy and business activities. It effects deleteriously on marketing strategies, buyer demand and market supply effect immensely. Most firms operating in the affected area gets impact from the thrust of government policies to quell terrorism. This kind of wide-spread results predict an escalate attractiveness of terrorism, as part for that group which assume to develop the core of businesses. It is impossible to secure all of the targets of terrorism at the same time. In the number of attacks done by small terrorist groups with least resources the loss was massive. If costs of an attack be measured by the loss which businesses faced, the businesses always paid far great amount than the cost to terrorist group. Hoffman (1998) cited that the cost of the bomb was not more than $400, which was the reason of the loss of $550 millions in the blast of World Trade Centre 1993. The amount which is sending to protect the world from terrorism is many billion dollars, whi le the terrorist cost nothing in front of it. This threat of terrorism attacks poses a continuous threat and create atmosphere of risk for the businesses. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories adopt term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"uncertaintyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a factor of unpredictable environment which may influence the performance of firms in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. Businesses internationally and locally particularly affected by terrorism because when some thing happen it disrupt the supply chain and business activities in addition to interrupt information flows, and effects on the demand for industrial side as well as consumer side. Every year more than trillion dollars are spent on combating terrorism. This along with billons dollars lost in property damage, loss of human resources and decrease in key industries potential pr ofit. It is a plague on global economy and affects on everyone from entire countries to all the way down to individual. Terrorism in recent years has sparked, increase in fear and demand higher level of security. The cost of terrorism can be broken down into number of areas and come down to direct effects, response costs and negative effects on key industries. For example, Manchester bombing was carried out by IRA in 1996 targeted the city centre infrastructure and economy caused widespread damage. According to the BBC News (2004), over 400 businesses within the half a mile of the blast were affected and 40% of which did not recover. Another example of terrorist attack on businesses is Baltic Exchange bombing 1992, which damaged the Exchange and surrounding buildings and caused  £800 millions worth of damage. The latest terrorist attacks in UK was July 7 London bombing, which had massive effects on UK businesses. According to the LCCI (2005) report, business confidence in Lon don had slumped to the lowest levels not seen since the start of Iraq war. Because, terrorist attacks disrupt supply chain and other business activities. Alexander (2004) says in his book Business Confronts Terrorism, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s implication on business merits closer scrutiny given its relation to economic security. Terror metamorphoses business causing business to deal with current threats and craft plans to reduce future challenges. Terrorists weaken society and business through their manipulation of economic systems componentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Terrorism interrupts information flows and effects on the demand form both business and consumer side. This falling demand may have different outcomes which may comprises of losses of customers contracts, customer trust, reduces market share, decline in turnover and profitability and also result business failure. For example according to the LCCA report, UK tourism industry badly effected by July 7 terrorist att acks. The Guardianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research shows that after July 7 Bombing, Londoners themselves who are leaving the centre in the evening rather than the tourists. Within a month after these attacks, it has been estimated that terrorism cost UK tourism industry in excess of  £300 million. According to U.S Department of state (2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“terrorist select businesses for attack compare to other targetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The most kind of attack is bomb blast, although armed attacks and kidnapping are also some kinds of terrorist attacks. According to Council of Foreign Relations (2002) report, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the majority of victims in terrorist attack are civilians and the relatively large number of business may not prepare to face these kinds of risksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Managers and decision makers remain confident about handling unexpected risk. However the scenario has changed as it was at the time of terrorist attack in 9/11. Kunreuther et al (2003) cited that during the days of terrorist attacks in 9/11 a common feeling came into mind of people that it could be me. But with the passage of time this may give way to may be it will not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ next time. This kind of behaviour is more common now a day in south Asia. But it is a common thinking that it is extremely easy for terrorist that to attack any where in the world. Even in low cost and low tech attacks terrorists achieve to disrupt the world economy. After the September 11 terrorist attacks many UK international organisations have badly affected legally because new laws introduced and they struggle to keep up with new rules and regulations imposed by international community in the effort to prevent further terrorist attacks. Anne Slaughter (2005) cited that new international laws restricted the companies for shipping goods across international borders and requires them to keep proper track of their activities. The anti terrorist laws have made very complicated for organizations to conduct their business activities across the international borders as a result many organisations have restructured theirs companies to allow them to meet demands of international anti terror laws. Another major issue that effect the international organizations is security and they have to invest huge amount of money to improve both internal and external security. External security is most important because terrorist target organizations to achieve their targets. Internal security also need to improve to ensure that organisation have financial records, employees records and ensure that employees do not have any criminal backgrounds or involved in terrorist activities in the past. It is vital for all organizations that they protect themselves and their stakeholders from terrorist activities. The international organizations should not underestimate the impact of terrorism because they make billions dollars each year and provide employment millions of people aroun d the world. In this modern era, it is very easy for terrorist to attack international organizations in such a way that they would stop them from operating in an effective manner. It is very difficult to explain, why terrorism has become the major problem for big and international organizations. Modern terrorism is particularly onerous, because of characteristic of its impact. The impact of terrorism on macroeconomic is crucial, customers feel themselves in stress and some kind of continuous fear which definitely effects the spending patterns. Managerial behaviour in macro economy also feels consequences of terrorism. Media have its vital role in ending fear among the society but very often it fails. Many of times, because of the irresponsible reporting it generates scenes of ever present possibility of terrorist act. According to Crenshaw (1990) the new and fastest ways of communication allow people to know about happens in the other part of the world within minutes about any te rrorist attack. On the other hand terrorist groups are adopting the latest techniques to communicate with each other and even sometime just for spreading fear with in the specific community to achieve their targets. Czinkota et al (2004) cited that terrorist also using old traditional ways to communicate which are unable to penetrate. The latest ways of transportation system gives terrorist groups better way to move around. The impact of terrorism can be calculated from a number of ways. According to Czinkota et al (2004) the micro level research is a moderate degree of research. It help to analyze effects of terrorism on specific regions, value chain or cross industry level, but can be determine and examine more specifically than those of macro level. When terrorist events happens if effects businesses direct and indirect way and disrupt the economic process. To make the effects of the terrorist activities stronger terrorist groups try to make businesses their direct targets. Bu siness are more attractive target for those groups as their presence is everywhere and their aftermaths are more deep on society and on the economics. 2.1 Conclusion: Terrorism effects business activates deeply. This threat compel almost every department of business which cause decline in the profit of firm and on the other side the whole economy has to bear the cost of every single act of terrorism. According to LCCI (2005) report, after 9/11 terrorist attacks, majority of organizations fear high risk of terrorist attacks and they have contingency plan in place to deal with uncertainty. As globalization integrates multinational organizations and financial markets, events like terrorism which spurn economic uncertainty have increasingly international consequences. Terrorism causes unpredictable political and economic consequences, infuses the public with fear and prevents the free flow of capital, labour, and free market principles. Because of their disastrous impacts, occurrences of terrorism have serious implications on the performance of international and UK organizational. Immediate responses are felt in financial markets and the effected industry sectors. These sustained reactions can be observed through macroeconomic impacts, economic policy responses and investor confidence. As world move towards more liberal economies and democratic political structures, organizations must have the ability to adapt and respond to terrorist events. In order to do so, decision makers and policy makers need a more complete picture and understanding of the deleterious effects of terrorism on organization. 3. Research Methodology: The main proposed research methodology is secondary research which is based on the critical and comprehensive analysis of the existing published literature related to the specific area of research. Books, published journal articles, published research reports, surveys, organizational records, qualitative research and internet (websites and search engines) will be used to collect secondary sources data. I think these sources will help me to complete my research work. I will use all the above mentioned secondary research methods for my research work and I am highly interested to use the deductive method because it is more logical and authentic way to prove my research. Moreover I will use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to critically analyze my collected data and to reach the conclusion. But in this research work, I will prefer to use more qualitative method of data collection. According to Lincoln and Guba (1985) a qualitative method captures a more complete picture of individual lived experience instead of a narrow perspective of generalizations. The qualitative data provide me an opportunity to study the material of the recent or more distant past to gain the more insights information for methodological and theoretical purposes. 3.1 Advantages of secondary research methodology: This kind of research helps in examining large scale trend. It is easy to accessible so researcher can consume most of its time in critically analysing data rather than collecting it. Sometime primary data collection is not necessary for the research, because of the available secondary data is completely suitable to draw a conclusions and answers of the questions and sufficient for solving problem. The collection of secondary data is far cheaper than the collection of primary data. For the same level of research budget secondary research definitely gives relatively more information than the primary research can give. The time consumption is much less in the collection of data and conducting results in comparison with the primary research. The results obtain from secondary source of information may more precise than the result obtain from the primary data collection. It may not happen all the time but if research is about at large scale. 3.2 Problems of Secondary Research: In secondary research the researches have to be careful about authenticity of secondary resources. Because at the same type of data or idea two different types of department or persons have different type of opinion. Some time material available for research is too old and out dated, so it may difficult for researcher to interpret results. The source of the data and material may not reliable each time, so it may impact the reliability and authenticity of results of the research. Sometimes secondary research has lack of firmness of perspective. If data and material collected from non authentic sources it is difficult to check its biasness and inaccuracies. The published material and statistics often raise more questions than answers. 3.3 Limitations: There are some limitations the data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignored. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in mind those limitations of secondary data, I will use data for my research from reputable academic websites and published literature. 3.4 Conclusion: A use and search of secondary data should be preceding any primary research activity. Secondary data definitely helps to solve and understand the problem and gives valid answers. The process of collecting secondary data for research is far cheaper and quicker in compare with primary data at in some cases it could be more accurate. There is always a need of evaluation about data and its source before using it for research. Where possible it is better to take same data from different sources so the biasness and errors can be double check for the more accurate results. 4. Research Structure and Design: This research consists of six chapters. It begins with chapter 1, which reveals the need, aim and objectives for this research to be attained. Chapter 2 of my research will discuss the methodology, which enables me to fulfil the requirements of this research. Chapter 3 is an extensive and deep interpretation of literature review about terrorism. Chapter 4 of this research will explore the impacts of terrorism on businesses. Chapter 5 of this research evaluates performance and adaptation of suitable strategy by management on different kind of business activities and also scrutinize the different business strategic views which a business can adopt for minimizing the effects of terrorism. Finally chapter 6 of this research is the conclusion and recommendation chapter which will answer all the key questions, aim and objectives of this research seek. 5. Research Implementation Plan: Research Plan Week beginning Date. 23-10-2010 No. Of Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Background reading and literature review x x Research design and plan x Choice of methodology x Gathering data x x Data analysis and refine x x Writing up draft x x x Editing final document x x Produce final document x Document passed to supervisor to read x 6. Research Ethics: While carrying out the research, the most important thing to keep in mind and practice is the ethical considerations. And in my research work this is very critical and of prime consideration. I will follow all the ethical considerations and guidelines. As my research work is based on secondary research, so what ever the secondary data I will use to achieve my research objectives, I will follow the all terms and conditions of ethical considerations. Throughout my research I will practice honesty in processing and reporting all the data, this will be my own work and I will not copy the other researcher data or work, I will not be bias in my research while collecting or processing the data. I will try my utmost to avoid the omissions and errors while analysing the data and will keep all the record of the data and their valid sources. I am fully aware that the plagiarism is a serious academic crime, so I will not plagiarise my research. I will quote all the citations and that will be f ully referenced.

Mill Freedom and Expression Essay - 1450 Words

There they go again. The usual horde of five-inch heels, cleavage and navel displaying, and miniskirts that are just high enough to have a clear visual of the type of underwear each woman is wearing. It is the middle of winter and they are just acting like they are hot stuff. Is this acceptable? Should it be acceptable? Maybe a look at Mill’s beliefs can answer these questions. The introduction of the book is crucial to understanding Mill’s arguments and the status of his beliefs. It states the basic structure of his argument and his own key deductions. Mill steps back and defines his idea of civilization. He sees it as a struggle with individual people and what creates and defines our society. Which of†¦show more content†¦A perfect example would be if a small boy was swimming at the beach and got carried out too far and was unable to swim. You happen to have an inner tube and rush out to save him, even risking your own life. If you did not the chil d could drown which would most certainly cause harm. This implied rule will keep people from ignoring those in need or turning a blind eye. Mill believes that this will be great for society as a whole. Mill then goes into further depth and breaks up the three different categories of our liberty and the importance of having each and every one of them respected by others and the authority. The first is â€Å"the freedom to think as one wishes, and to feel as one does. This includes the freedom to opinion, and includes the freedom to publish opinions known as the freedom of speech.† Next is â€Å"the freedom to pursue tastes and pursuits, even if they are deemed ‘immoral’, and only so long as they do not cause harm.† Finally is â€Å"the ‘freedom to unite’ or meet with others, often known as the freedom of assembly due to its being phrased as such in the United States constitution.† Each of these definitions were Mill’s words n ot my own. If we do not have each and every one of these liberties than we truly are not free. Each of the phrases in quotes were taken from the book as Mill’s definitions are not my own. How I understand it,Show MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill on Liberty and Freedom of Expression1388 Words   |  6 PagesInhibition of ones liberty, such as their liberty of conscience (i.e. freedom of speech), is unjust by Millian principles, unless the persons use of deliberation is to voice hate speech. So what is hate speech? Hate speech is directed towards a member of a group, or the group as a whole, that vilifies on the basis of the subjects beliefs. In comparison to discriminatory speech, hate speech does not invoke mere offense, but in most cases is traumatic, and severely impair one’s deliberative capacitiesRead MoreAccording to Mills, government should not be attempting to control individual freedoms, but should1100 Words   |  5 Pages According to Mills, government should not be attempting to control individual freedoms, but should be helping individuals develop in society. A society is only as great as the people who are in it. How a person develops should be up to them, but a government should support that development. Ensuring a free flow of factual information and opportunities for open discussion are ways a government can help. Again, he uses history as his support. He says that the history of mankind is a history of intellectualRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of The Us Constitution1439 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the fundamental principles of the US Constitution is the freedom of speech. 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Apartheid and The Future of South Africa in Cry, The...

Arthur, Napoleon, and Msimangu, all characters from Alan Paton’s book, Cry, The Beloved Country, are used to share Paton’s points of view on the future of South Africa and the apartheid. Paton uses these characters to represent specific views; Arthur expresses clearly that the apartheid isn’t the right way to progress as a country, Napoleon exemplifies how Paton thinks people should take the anti-apartheid effort, and Msimangu explicitly expresses Paton’s ideas of an ideal leader. Arthur Jarvis was the son of James Jarvis, an activist for the causes he believed in, and very well liked in the community. This made him perfect to voice blame; Arthur Jarvis’ first passage in the book describes the issues that the exploitation of the natives†¦show more content†¦Napoleon Letsisi, a man hired by James Jarvis to teach the people of Ndotsheni proper farming techniques, is described by the author as a good man (Paton 285). Although being one of the last characters introduced in the book, he has one of the stronger voices in the book, with his views and attitudes taken towards others. By displaying Napoleon as an educated good man, Paton shows the value of these characteristics for the future of South Africa. Napoleon’s attitude towards the apartheid is that it happened because of everyone. â€Å"Umfundisi, it was the white man who gave us so little land, it was the white man who took us away from the land to go to work. And we were ignorant also. It is all these things together that have made this valley desolate. Therefore, what this good white man does is only a repayment (Paton 302).† On the same page as the previous quote, Napoleon says that he does his work not for his patron, but for his people and country (Paton 302). Both the quote and the reference help frame the way Paton portrays the people’s point of view. The first quote shows that in Paton’s eyes, the people thought that the white man is what led to the problems for the people. This is further supported by Arthur Jarvis’ passage, where he points out that the white population has evaded the issues at hand instead of tackling them (Paton 179). The reference of what NapoleonShow MoreRelatedCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton696 Words   |  3 PagesCry, the Beloved Country is a novel with remarkable lyricism written by Alan Paton. Born as a white South African, Alan Paton grew up during a time period marked by racial inequality and later became an activist against apartheid. He was a devout Christian so many of his writings reflect Christian faith. As an activist, he wrote many books about South Africa and racial injustice. While traveling around Europe, he began writing Cry, the Beloved Country, which was published in 1948. 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Policy and Structure of education in different countries Free Essays

Education is indispensable to last in today ‘s universe. To go on in instruction is non merely good for endurance, but plays a critical function in success and the hunt of ends. Education progresses because engineering and society advancement. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy and Structure of education in different countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Society is altering at a really fast gait therefore doing uninterrupted instruction a necessity in today ‘s trade market. The usage of uninterrupted instruction and the hunt thereof, is important to single success. As important and of import as instruction is, simply obtaining it is non plenty. It should be continuously pursued and used appropriately. Harmonizing to Steyn A ; Wolhuter ( 2008:2 ) educationalists realize that instruction has restrictions to consequence alterations in society, but instruction is an of import tool which society can utilize to recognize the alterations they want. It is an of import instrument that can non be used by itself, but to help world to fix themselves for the challenges of the 21st century. â€Å" In order for instruction to be an effectual instrument in helping worlds for alteration, the construction and operation of the instruction system, as the vehicle of effectual instruction, should run into certain demands. † ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:2. ) Education policy Purposes The purposes of the instruction system point toward the awaited criterions to be reached over a longer term of office or term from approximately five to ten old ages. These purposes signifies the mileposts such as part to society, fulfilling of personal endowments, fulfilling of civic duties, transporting tradition frontward, supplying the engine for economic growing, supplying the work force with the necessary basic ‘academic ‘ accomplishments and supplying persons with chances, enlightenment and cognition to be reached in order to fulfill the vision and mission of that peculiar instruction system. The Aims These are the mileposts to be reached over a shorter period of clip from one to five old ages. These aims have the inclinations to make the purposes of the instruction system, thereby gaining the vision and mission of a peculiar system. Goals The ends of an instruction system find the boundaries wherein the system should work. The end describes the ideal personalities of the underlying beliefs, the educational services, the scholars and the pedagogues as the most of import constituting parts of the instruction system. The end is normally given in more general spiritual, societal, economical and political footings. The construction in general The instruction system is a good logically structured and multifaceted entireness dwelling of different parts which can be named the mechanism or subdivisions of the instruction system. These subdivisions are referred to as the instruction system policy, the instruction system disposal, the model for instruction and the support services. Different constituents of the instruction system can be located i.e. the instructions systems Acts of the Apostless, the ministry of instruction, the sections of instruction, school councils and different types of instructions establishments ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:4. ) These systems must be ordered harmonizing to a specific program in order to be an effectual and functional organic structure. The construction for instruction and preparation degrees and plans The degrees on which instruction is being provided in the peculiar instruction system are indicated by the instruction degrees. Conventional degrees in the system are the pre-primary, primary, secondary and third degrees. The school old ages with respect to the degrees may differ from instruction system to instruction system. It is high that the entry points and issue points, mandatory instruction and relevant entry demands with respects to these degrees are explained. The educational plans are reported harmonizing to the topics that are included in each plan on each degree. As a consequence of this, the component presents the organisation of educational plans on the different degrees, through which the educational demands of the mark group are provided for. Education establishments â€Å" This component describes the organisation of instruction establishments on different degrees. † ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:7 ) . The purposes of the instructions establishments every bit good as the correlativity between the different instruction establishments every bit good as the different types of instruction establishments are explained. Curricula and distinction Curriculum and distinction is a unfastened term mentioning to the demand to modify learning environments and patterns to bring forth appropriately different larning experiences for different scholars. Keirouz ( 1993 ) suggests typical processs in the instance of gifted and gifted pupils include: canceling already mastered stuff from bing course of study, adding new content, procedure, or merchandise outlooks to bing course of study, widening bing course of study to supply enrichment activities, supplying class work for able pupils at an earlier age than usual, and composing new units or classs that meet the demands of talented pupils. Learners The human ecology of the scholars is reported on the figure, age, gender, rural or urban colony and makings obtained by the scholars. Admission demands and codifications of behavior, drop-out figures and learner-classroom ratio is besides taking in history. Educators Information sing the human ecology of instructors includes the figure, age, gender and rural or urban distribution. The pre-service and in-service preparation chances of instructors are provided every bit good as other relevant information i.e. codifications of behavior and the instructor scholar ratio. 3.6 Physical installations This is the physical country where instruction is administered. The schoolrooms, talk suites, and research labs should be mentioned. The handiness of necessary installations, the allotment, use and the costs of installations will be indicated. Describe the two constituents in South Africa, Namibia and USA Policy SOUTH AFRICA 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the South- African educational system: In the White Paper on instruction and preparation ( March, 1995 ) the following were accepted as guidelines. It besides includes the National Educational Policy Act: Education and preparation are basic human rights and the province has the duty to protect these rights. All the citizens of South Africa should hold the chance to develop their potencies and contribute to the development of the community. Parents and defenders of kids have the primary duty for the instruction of their kids. The parents have the right to take the signifier of instruction for their kids, capable to the sensible precautions required by jurisprudence. The parents rights include chose of linguistic communication every bit good as the cultural spiritual footing of instruction. The province has the duty to supply aid to those parents who can non themselves decide decently on their educational hereafter of their kids. The educational policy should enable all persons to value, have success to and win in womb-to-tomb instruction and preparation of good quality. The equal entree to basic instruction and preparation which includes more than school instruction should be guaranteed to all. An increasing scope of larning possibilities offering the scholars greater flexibleness in taking should be provided. All the historical inequalities should be redressed. State resources must be deployed harmonizing to the principal of equity to supply the same quality of larning chances for all. The rights of scholars and pedagogues should be equitably protected including the policy of affirmatory action. The proviso of quality instruction and preparation is indispensable and should be provided in an incorporate manner harmonizing to the National Qualification Framework. ( NQF ) . Communities must accept ownership for their schools and legitimate, representative regulating organic structures should be instituted. The rule of democratic administration should progressively be promoted and should be characterized by audience with all relevant involvement groups. The civilization of instruction, larning and direction should be restored and the civilization of answerability should be created. The end of instruction and preparation should be to set up a democratic, free, equal, merely and peaceable society in South Africa. The diverse spiritual, cultural and linguistic communication traditions should be respected and encouraged. Education in the humanistic disciplines should be promoted. Education should advance the common democratic values and the importance of the due procedure of the jurisprudence and civic duty. Education should advance independent and critical idea. Differentiated instruction should fit the scholars with the competences required by the economic system and calling development. Mathematicss, Science and Technology instruction are critical to human apprehension and economic promotion. Environmental instruction should be promoted to help the enjoyment of nice quality of life and sustainable usage of natural resources. The rules of achievability, sustainability, efficiency and productiveness of the RDP should organize the footing of all activities of instruction. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act, 1996 ( Act 27 of 1996 ) are to supply for: The finding of national instruction policy by the curate in conformity with certain rules. Guidelines for audiences to be undertaken anterior to the finding of policy and constitution of such organic structures. The publication and execution of policy ; and To supply for the monitoring and rating of instruction. Namibia 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the Namibia educational system: Harmonizing to the Government Policy papers, Toward Education for All – A development Brief for Education, Culture and Training ( 1993 ) , a clear vision was translated. At the helm of, Toward Education for All ( 1993 ) are four major ends: entree, equity, qualities and democracy. For Access it was stated that the Government ‘s first committedness is to supply cosmopolitan Basic Education. Ultimately, every Namibian is to hold twelve old ages of general comprehensive instruction. Basic instruction is intended to guarantee that by the twelvemonth 2000, the bulk of the citizens will hold acquired basic accomplishments of reading, composing, numeracy and understanding socio-cultural procedures and natural phenomena. This is the lone manner we can process with some hope into the following millenary ( Education for All, 1993:33 ) . On the issue of quality instruction, ( Toward Education for All ) puts it that its major committedness is to do our schools good schools and to offer high quality of formal options to formal school ( p.37 ) . It goes on to state that we are all scholars. Learning is a womb-to-tomb activity. Bettering the quality of our schools is a duty we portion. We all have a critical interest in the success of our attempts ( p.40 ) . Namibia devotes a big part of its fiscal resources to instruction in every fiscal twelvemonth. The basic instruction sector, primary and secondary degrees, receives more money while the third sector comes 2nd in the precedence of instruction outgo. The freshly elected authorities of Namibia inherited an instruction system of apartheid from South Africa in 1990 which was characterized by inequalities in footings of the distribution of resources, where entree to acquisition was a precedence for a few Whites, and where quality of instruction offered was non considered. In mending the instruction characterized by some of the above characteristics every bit good as seting it at the criterion of international degree, the new authorities declared righty in Article 20 of the state ‘s fundamental law that all people should hold entree to instruction and basic instruction shall be free and compulsory. Article 20 provinces: All individuals shall hold the right to instruction. Primary instruction shall be mandatory and the province shall supply sensible installations to render effectual this right for every occupant within Namibia, by set uping and keeping State schools at which primary instruction will be provided free of charge. Children shall non be allowed to go forth school until they have completed their primary instruction or have attained the age of 16 old ages, whichever is the Oklahoman, save in so far as this may be authorized by act of Parliament on evidences of wellness or other considerations refering to public involvement. 4.1.2 The aims of the National Education Policy Act: The aims of the National Education Policy Act of 2001 as promulgated in December 2001, primary aims are: To supply for the proviso of accessible, just, qualitative and democratic national instruction service. To supply for the constitution of the National Advisory Council on Education, the National Examination, Assessment and Certification Board, Regional Education Forums, School Boards, the Education Development Fund. The constitution of schools and inns. The constitution of the Teaching Service and the Teaching Service Committee. Provision for incidental affairs. USA 4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the USA educational system: The USA is proud to supply equal educational chances for all its scholars and boasts about go forthing no kids behind. There is no federal system of instruction, and each province and local school territory within the US has the constitutional right to set up its ain signifier of instruction. There are nevertheless, togss of communality running throughout most of the instruction systems in the state, including course of study, answerability criterions, and teacher enfranchisement ordinances, in add-on to the sharing of many challenges linked to poverty, linguistic communication diverseness, gender, and race or ethnicity factors. ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:300 ) The US system of instruction provides free public instruction, from kindergarten through to rate 12, for all pupils. The US does non hold a centralised system of instruction, with most determinations left to single provinces and local authorities, provided their policies do non belie the US Constitution. Each province retained control over instruction within its boundary lines, provided its educational policies did non violate commissariats in the Constitution, which by and large focused on issues of civil rights. In some cases the Federal Government has become straight involved in province and local instruction sing the separation of faith from authorities maps and the protection of civil rights related to race, gender, disablement and due procedure ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:310 ) . However, the national purposes of instruction in the US refer. Differences in the look of values besides consequence what states decide are the national purposes of instruction and on how those are articulated. The most normally articulated purposes across the 16 states include: Developing the capacities of the person Promoting equal chance Fixing immature people for work Establishing a foundation for farther and higher instruction Supplying cognition, accomplishments and understanding Promoting citizenship ( sometimes in the signifier of advancing democracy or community ) , and Sing cultural heritage ( or literacy ) . Harmonizing to ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:326 ) the NCLB programme is designated to accomplish exalted ends outlined in the programme ‘s four ‘common-sense pillars ‘ , which include: – Stronger answerability for consequences through state-wide answerability systems based on one-year proving for all pupils ; – more freedom for provinces and communities through more flexible usage of their federal instruction financess ; – required usage of proved instruction methods supported by scientifically-based research ; and – more picks for parents by leting pupils assigned to neglecting schools to go to better public schools, with transit disbursals paid by the failing school ( US Department of Education, 2004b ) . 4.1.2 The aims of National Act: The aims of the Public Law 107 – 110, 107th Congress, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and Table of Contents of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 lineation: To Bettering the academic accomplishment of the disadvantaged. Teacher and chief preparation and recruiting fund. Implementing board policies that define public simple and secondary school operations, including such authorizations as graduation demands and class content ; Monitoring and roll uping informations to find conformity with province mandated maps and answerability plans ; Recommending for public instruction while supplying information to province legislative assemblies and citizens sing instruction ; Supplying proficient aid to the schools, such as aid construing English for Speakers of Other linguistic communications demands ; and Distributing province financess to local school territories. Structure SOUTH AFRICA 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The National Qualifications Framework is a new attack to the organisation of instruction and preparation in South Africa after 1994. The NQF is an instrument to implement an outcomes-based incorporate attack to instruction and preparation. This become a world and provides chances to larn, irrespective of age, fortunes and the degree of instruction and developing a scholar may hold. This is called lifelong acquisition. The General Education and Training ( GET ) forms the first set and degree 1 of the NQF. This set consists of Grades 1-9 of the formal schooling and forms the nine old ages of compulsory schooling. The Foundation Phase, Grades 1-3 includes the early childhood development stage and forms the first portion of the GET set of the NQF. The overall end of the course of study is to supply kids with the chances to develop to their full potency as active responsible and fulfilled citizens who can play a constructive function in a democratic, non-racist and just society. In the intermediate stage, grades 4-6, while still extremely contextualized and mostly incorporate. Rate 7-9, the Senior Phase is the last stage in the GET set. In this stage the scholar should be progressively able to ground independently of concrete stuffs and experience. Combined schools offering all stages as mentioned above under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new policy for the constitution of new course of study for schools was announced by the curate of instruction on 24 March 1997. The new course of study is known as course of study 2005. The new attack known as OBE is linked to the NQF. The new course of study was introduced in class 1 in 1998 and in grade 2 in 1999. The debut of the course of study 2005 in the senior classs was in July 1998 postponed by the curate of instruction due a deficit of resources and financess. In the new course of study, specific larning countries are identified for the different degrees of the NQF. In add-on to the larning countries, there are besides three types of results, viz. critical results, larning results and specific results. The Foundation Phase makes proviso for 3 learning plans: 1. Communication, literacy and linguistic communication larning 2. Numeracy and Mathematicss 3. Life Orientation. The Intermediate Phase makes proviso for 5 acquisition plans and the Senior Phase provides the following 8 LA ‘s: 1.Communication, literacy and linguistic communication acquisition. 2.Human and Social Sciences. 3.Numeracy and Mathematicss 4.Technology. 5.Economic and Management Science. 6.Life Orientation 7.Arts and Culture 8.Natural Sciences Namibia 4.2.1 Structure for instruction and preparation degrees and plans: The formal system in Namibian schools consists of 12 old ages of schooling broken down as follows: Four old ages of lower primary utilizing mother lingua as the medium of direction ; Three old ages of upper primary ( English as medium of direction starts in Grade 4 and goes up to rate 12 ) ; 3 old ages of junior secondary ; and, 2 old ages of senior secondary. However, the formal school system may besides be divided into the undermentioned phases some of which have combined stages: Pre-primary stage, caters for the under 6 old ages age group. Primary Phase, Lower primary, grades 1 to 4 and upper primary classs 5 to 7. Secondary Phase, Junior secondary, grades 8 – 10 and senior secondary, grades 11 – 12. Combined Schools offering both primary, junior secondary or senior secondary classs under one roof. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: A new prescribed course of study was introduced in 1996. I 1998, new course of study panels and topic, some of which have already been completed ( Ministry of Education, Namibia, 2006 ) . The chief countries in primary schools are linguistic communication accomplishments such as speech production, reading and composing and composing in English and in Namibian linguistic communications ; societal accomplishments such as societal surveies, spiritual and moral instruction ; humanistic disciplines and trade like pulling, music and dance ; physical instruction such as hygiene, horticulture and handicraft, and mathematics and environmental scientific discipline ( Craelius et al. , 1995:690 ) . In the junior secondary schools the chief countries covered are linguistic communication, spiritual and moral instruction, scientific discipline and mathematics, art and athleticss and prevocational accomplishments from which two of the following are chosen: domestic scientific discipline, woodwork, metalwork, commercialism, needlecraft or dressmaking and agricultural production. The senior secondary schools offer linguistic communication surveies, humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines, mathematics, physical instruction and originative, proficient and vocational surveies as nucleus topics. Options are broad, but are dependent on the field of survey chosen and the handiness of physical, instructional and human resources in the school ( Steyn A ; Wolhuter, 2008:151-152 ) . USA 4.2.1 Structure for Education and preparation degrees and plans: The construction for learning in the US includes 12 old ages for regular schooling, followed by a four phase system of higher instruction. This system is normally preceded by one or two old ages of pre-school instruction ( US Department of Education, 2005 ) . Pre-School: Most provinces require some sort of pre-school and / or kindergarten programme before leting pupils to inscribe in the first twelvemonth of an simple or primary school. Pre-school plans normally occur from one or two old ages before entry. They have to be between the ages of three to five. Twelve Old ages of Formal Schooling: Formal primary instruction, frequently refer to as simple instruction, lasts for the first five to six old ages. The staying old ages of this 12 twelvemonth rhythm consist of 3 to 4 old ages of in-between school or junior high school, followed by three to four old ages of senior high school. Depending on local and or province guidelines, a pupil would go to: 8 old ages of simple and 4 old ages of high school ; 4 old ages of simple, 4 old ages of center and 4 old ages of high school ; 6 old ages of simple, 3 old ages of junior high, and 3 old ages of senior high school ; or 6 old ages of simple and 6 old ages of combined junior or senior high school. Higher Education: After successfully finishing 12 old ages of formal schooling and having a high school sheepskin pupils may take to go to: a. A two twelvemonth vocational institute B. Two twelvemonth junior community college, or c. A four twelvemonth undergraduate college or university plan. 4.2.2 The course of study and distinction: The simple, in-between and or junior high schools enroll pupils from ages 6 to 12, and include direction in the cardinal accomplishments or reading, composing and arithmetic. Foreign linguistic communications are normally introduced at the in-between school degree. Depending on local and province ordinances, high schools normally require pupils to inscribe in English, Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies and Physical Education classs. The course of study may besides include two old ages of a foreign linguistic communication, applied concern classs, engineering and the humanistic disciplines. After finishing 12 old ages of formal instruction, pupils may use for either a 4 twelvemonth grade allowing establishment or a two twelvemonth junior or community college. Similarities of the instruction systems of South Africa, Namibia and USA: Equal chances for all without bias. Pre-school plan. Junior and Senior stages. Third instruction Particular and inclusive instruction Mother lingua instruction Combined schools 12 old ages of formal instruction Pre-school under 6 old ages of age Lifelong acquisition Fundamentalss accomplishments, reading and authorship and numeracy. Differences: SOUTH AFRICA Specific larning countries in GET Phase. Structure: GET Band: Classs 1 to 3 Foundation Phase Classs 4 to 6 Intermediate Phase Classs 7 to 9 Senior Phase FET – Grades 10 – 12. Namibia Focus on Namibian linguistic communications accomplishments, societal accomplishments, spiritual and moral surveies. Structure: Lower Primary: classs 1 to 4, Upper Primary: classs 5 to 7 Secondary: classs 8 to 10. Senior Secondary: classs 11 – 12 USA 1.Focus on English, Mathematics, General Science, Social surveies and Physical instruction. Two old ages of foreign linguistic communications, applied concern classs, engineering and humanistic disciplines. 2.Structure: Options: 8 old ages simple school, 4 old ages high school 4 old ages simple, 4 old ages in-between high school and 4 old ages senior high school. old ages simple, 3 old ages junior high, 3 old ages senior high. 6 old ages simple, 6 old ages combined junior and senior high school. 6.Reasons for possible similarities and differences in the 3 instruction systems: Throughout the universe, basicss of instruction are addressed. These include basic accomplishments such as reading, composing and numeracy. Equal chances given to our immature scholars address the issues of human rights within each of the three states mentioned. Education is a cosmopolitan instrument and hence the acquisition is and remains womb-to-tomb larning. Mother tongue instruction is an imperative tool for scholars that come from the same human ecology, part or province. It is hence really of import to learn the same linguistic communication where kids are being educated. Some of the differences could turn to the issue of population. In the first universe states, it is a given that the population are get downing to settle in whilst in the 3rd universe states like South Africa and Namibia, the population is of all time increasing. A high per centum of the population is below the active economic age. South Africa ‘s and Namibia ‘s urbanisation are in the beginning stage. All three states experience a high inflow of other states citizens. The educational demands of every state are addressed. Cipher is excluded. The constitutional right of every kid is adhered to. Peoples are inspired by womb-to-tomb scholars. Throughout the universe the demands of people differ. The ground for this is the population of each state and the demographics of that state. Specific demands of states differ that is why instruction will differ. The USA is a first universe state with extremely specialised people, Namibia and South Africa though do non hold the substructure to compare with the USA. 7. Decision The degree of trouble of the different states to cover with the expected challenges differs to a big extend. A large difference exists with respect to the degree that instruction systems of the different states are prepared to efficaciously cover with challenges of the twenty-first Century. It is of import that the authoritiess, involvement groups and persons in the societies of immerging states takes duty to place the cloth of the community sing the demographical, geographical, socio-economical, scientific and technological, political and philosophical inclinations. It must take topographic point in such a mode that the peculiar state can efficaciously cover with the expected challenges of the twenty-first Century. 8. Bliography 8.1 Quality Primary Education, Program Overview and Strategic Objectives. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usaid.gov/na/so2.htm. Date of entree: 10 February 2010. 8.2 David Kerr, 1999. Citizenship Education: an International Comparison. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf. Date of entree: 09 February 2010. 8.3 Professional A ; Associates Resumes.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.professional-resumes.com/why-continuous-education-is-an-important-tool.html. Date of entree 09 February 2010. 8.4 Steyn, H.J. , Wolhuter C.C. 2000. Education Systems, Challenges of the twenty-first Century. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.5 Steyn, H.J. , Steyn S.C. , A ; De Waal E.A.S. , 2001. The South African Education System, Core features. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers. 8.6 Basic Education Namibia. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nied.edu.na/Bep/en-home.htm. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.7 PUBLIC LAW 107-110-JAN. 8, 2002 115 STAT. 1425 hypertext transfer protocol: //opi.mt.gov/PDF/FEDPrgms/USDOE/pl107110.pdf. Date of entree: 12 February 2010. 8.8 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States. Date of entree: 09 February 2010. How to cite Policy and Structure of education in different countries, Essay examples