The Instrumentation And Measurement Engineering Essay

The Instrumentation And Measurement Engineering Essay A single strain gauge having a resistance of 500à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, gauge factor of 2 and a temperature coefficient of 1 ÃÆ'- 10-5 per  °C at room temperature is mounted on the beam and connected in the arm AB of the bridge shown in figure Q4 for measuring a strain in cantilaver beam. The other three arms BC, CD and DA of the bridge have resistance of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ respectively. The detector connected across A and C of the bridge has a resistance (Rg) of 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and sensitivity 5 mm per  µA. The voltage supply to the bridge is 12 V. Determine the detector deflection for a gauge strain of 0.002. Given:- R1 = 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R2 = 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R3 = 500 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R4 = 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Resistance across A and C of the bridge, Rg = 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽÂ ± = temperature coefficient of 1 x 10-5  °C Gauge strain, = 0.002 Voltage supply = 12 V Sensitivity 5 mm / ÃŽÂ ¼A Gauge factor of 2 Solution:- When a strain is introduced, the strain sensitivity, which is also called the gage factor (GF), and also the strain is defined as the amount of deformation per unit length of an object when a load is applied. Strain is calculated by dividing the total deformation of the original length by the original length (L). Substitute all the value that given and find out change in resistance, After get the change in resistance, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R1. Total resistance measured is equal to R1 and R3 in parallel and R2 and R4 in parallel. If strain gauge is changes even a little bit in value can cause the bridge unbalanced and can define that R1 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R1 + R1. Wheatstone resistive bridge sensors can be analyzed using Thevenins Theorem, where the circuit is reduced to voltage sources with series resistance Voltage across the bridge, VAC varies change as strain gauge, R1 So we can determine the voltage across the bridge, VAC terminals by applying the Ohms Law. R is the resistance that across the A and C of the bridge Lastly, determine the detector deflection for a gauge strain and the deflection are known as below, Deflection = Sensitivity x Current, Ig flow at VAC Deflection = (5 mm / ÃŽÂ ¼A) x 29.71 ÃŽÂ ¼A Deflection = 148.55 mm Determine the change in strain indicated for an increase of 20  °C in room temperature. Substitute the value that to the equivalent change in strain QUESTION 2 A telephone line will be used to carry measurement data as a frequency-modulated signal from 5kHz to 6kHz. The line is shared with unwanted voice data below 500Hz, and switching noise occurs above 500kHz. Design a band-pass RC filter that reduces the unwanted voice by 80% and reduces the switching noise by 90%. Assume CH is 0.05 µF, and use a resistance ratio r of 0.02. What is the Vout/Vin on the passband frequency of 5.5kHz? Given:- Frequency modulated signal from 5 kHz to 6 kHz Unwanted voice data below 500Hz Switching noise above 500 kHz Reduced unwanted voice 80% Reduced switching noise 90% CH = 0.05 ÃŽÂ ¼F Resistance ratio, r = 0.02 First need to find out the low pass filter Passive RC Low Pass Filter Also know that the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is given as below The High Pass Filter is the exact opposite to the low pass filter. This filter has no output voltage from DC (0Hz), up to a specified cut-off frequency (Æ’c) point. This lower cut-off frequency point is 70.7% or -3dB (dB = -20log Vout/Vin) of the voltage gain allowed to pass. Passive RC High Pass Filter Also know that the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is given as below After getting value of then substituting to the Substitute the R1 value to the formula to get the R2 value as well Using the FCL find out the C2 Band Pass Filter Circuit Passive RC Band Pass Filter Band Pass Filters passes signals within a certain band or spread of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is known as the filters Bandwidth Band Pass Filter Bode Plot QUESTION 3 Describe how the sensor control works in cycle with relay in filling and draining water from the tank. Find the value of amplifier gain, K, required to open the valve when the level reached 1.5 m. Description:- Input flow Q1 and Q2 fill the tank without controlled. When the level of water in tank reaches the height h = 1.5m, the level sensor sends signals voltage, Vh to the amplifier to amplify the voltage to relays voltage Vr = KVh with a gain of K, which the voltage of relay will be large enough to drive the relay closes. As the relays voltage reaches Vr = 6V, the relay is closed and activates the valve to open and water in the tank is started to drain out. After some time, the water level drops to 1.1m and the level sensor will read the signal. Again, the voltage Vh is amplified to Vr = 4.8V and latch the relay to open. The open relay is then instructed the valve to close. Even though the water stops draining out, the water tank is still filling with water. The water level will increase to h = 1.5m again. The same cycle is expected to occur continuously. Given:- Level sensors voltage, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4V Relays voltage, Vr = KVh Relays voltage closes, Vr = 6V h = 1.5m Find the amplifier gain, K Solution:- Level sensor linear static operating characteristics which is given, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4V. Apply this formula to the voltage relay to get the value of amplifier gain, K. Substitute all the info that given to the relays voltage, Vr = KVh At what level does the valve close? Given:- Relays voltage closes, Vr = 4.8V Level sensors voltage, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4V Amplifier gain, K = 3.75 Solution:- When the valve close, the voltage of relay, Vr = 4.8V and given that K = 3.75 and substitute to the formula relays voltage to get the level, h of valve close. 1.28 = 0.8h + 0.4 0.8h = 0.88 h = 1.1 m Suppose Q1 = 5 m3/min, Q2 = 2 m3/min, and Qout = 9 m3/min (when open). Determine the time for water level to rise from 1.1 to 1.5 meters and the time to drain out. Find the total time of cycle. Given:- Input flow rate (velocity), Q1 = 5m3/min and Q2 = 2m3/min Output flow rate (velocity), Qout = 9m3/min (when valve open) Solution:- Time for water level to rise from 1.1m to 1.5m Velocity shows how fast an object is moving to which direction. Average velocity can be calculated by dividing displacement over time. Where the t1 is the time when water start rise at height 1.1m. Assume the t1 = 0 (Initial time) Time for water level to drain out from 1.5m to 1.1m Output flow rate (velocity), Qout = 9m3/min (when valve open) t2 is the time when water reaches 1.1m, water drains out is stopped. Assume t2 = 0 QUESTION 4 A measurement of temperature using a sensor that outputs 6.5 mV/ËÅ ¡C must measure to 100ËÅ ¡C. A 6-bit ADC with a 10V reference is used. Develop a circuit to interface the sensor and the ADC. Find the temperature resolution. Given:- Output of the sensor = 6.5 mV/ ËÅ ¡C measure to 100ËÅ ¡C 6-bit ADC = 10Vref Solution:- Find the output sensor during 100ËÅ ¡C where the output sensor 6.5 mV/ ËÅ ¡C measure 1ËÅ ¡C is given. Resolution can define electrically, and expressed in volts. The minimum change in voltage required to guarantee a change in the output code level is called the LSB (least significant bit, since this is the voltage represented by a change in the LSB). The resolution Q of the ADC is equal to the LSB voltage. The voltage resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage measurement range divided by the number of discrete voltage intervals: N is the number of voltage intervals, EFSR is the full scale voltage range, 10 V Normally, the number of voltage intervals is given by, Where the M is the ADCs resolution in bits. Solution:- Develop a circuit to interface the sensor Block Diagram Figure 4.1 Interfacing an Analog Output Temperature Sensor to an ADC At first sensor consists of a band gap reference circuit that produces a voltage. A switched capacitor op amp amplifier is used to amplify the temperature coefficient to a voltage mV/ °C because of the ease of building capacitors that are a ratio of each other. Lowpass filter is used to remove the switching noise of the amplified signal. The output signal is then driven by a buffer amplifier. The temperature sensors output pin is driven by an op amp that has output impedance (ROUT). The input of the ADC consists of a simple sample and hold circuit. A switch is used to connect the signal source with a sampling capacitor, while the ADC measures the CSAMPLE capacitors voltage in order to determine the temperature. The ROUT and RSWITCH resistances and the CSAMPLE capacitor form a time constant that must be less than the sampling rate (TSAMPLE) of the ADC as shown. An external capacitor can be added to the output pin to provide additional filtering and to form an anti-aliasing filter for the ADC. This capacitor may impact the time response of the sensor and the designer must allow time for the capacitor to charge sufficiently between ADC conversions. Also, the sensor amplifier may oscillate if the filter capacitor is too large. A small resistor of approximately 10 to 100ÃŽÂ © can be added between the output pin of the sensor and CFILTER to isolate the sensors amplifier from the capacitive load. The output impedance of the sensor (ROUT) varies as a function of frequency. Thus, a series resistor should be added to the effective ROUT resistance if CFILTER is intended to serve as the ADCs anti-aliasing filter. The output impedance of the TC1047A is less than 1ÃŽÂ © because operational amplifier A2 functions as a voltage buffer. The output impedance of the sensor is low due to the negative feedback of the buffer circuit topology. The negative feedback results in an output impedance that is equal to the impedance of the amplifier divided by the open-loop gain of the amplifier. The open-loop gain of the op amp is relatively large which, in turn, forces the output impedance to be small. QUESTION 5 A pressure sensor has a resistance that changes with pressure according to R = (0.15 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦/psi)p + 2.5 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. This resistance is then converted to a voltage with the transfer function, The sensor time constant is 350 ms. At t = 0, the pressure changes suddenly from 40 psi to 150 psi. What is the voltage output at 0.5 s? What is the indicated pressure at this time? Given:- Pressure sensor has resistance changes with pressure, R = (0.15 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦/psi)P + 2.5 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Transfer function of voltage, Sensor time constant, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 350 ms At t = 0, Pressure, P change suddenly from 40 psi à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 150 psi Solution:- Pressure changes suddenly from 40 psi to 150 psi and we can assume that the initial pressure, Po = 150 psi Voltage output after t = 0.5 sec, find pressure after 0.5 sec first; Basic formula a quantity pressure depends exponentially on time t if. During the resistance 0.5 sec, P = 35.95 psi. Substitute the indicated pressure at 0.5s, P in resistance changes with pressure according to to find out the resistance during 0.5 sec Voltage output at 0.5 s, 2. At what time does the output reach 5.0 V? Find out the resistance by substitute the output voltage at the formula that giving Indicated pressure at output 5.0 V 50 psi A quantity pressure depends exponentially on time t if, substitute the value of initial pressure, indicated pressure output at 5.0 V and time constant is giving 350 ms. Finally we can get the time does the output reach 5.0 V. ,

A Day of Fishing with my Dad Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

A Day of Fishing I can still remember that day. All the beauty of nature collected in one moment. I can still feel the sponginess of the winter-aged leaves under my feet. I felt as though I was walking on a cloud, the softness of the leaves cushioning my every step, they were guiding me along the wooded path to a small creek. The humming of the water moving with the crispness of the air, together they were singing a promise of a fresh and clean new season. It was a beautiful spring that year. Every so often a day like that comes back and I am reminded of posing for our picture together. My cheeks begin to ache as I remember the smile so big on my face when the camera snapped. I thought my face would break in half if I tried to smile any wider. I was four years old and my hair was a lovely brunette with spears of pale blonde. The color every woman dreams of now. Shoulder length and bobbed I covered all my hair with a baseball hat, a smaller vesion of my father, we were going fishing. My skin was white for lack of sun from winter but my cheeks were bright red from the brisk air. T-shirt and jeans I was ready to fish. Of course my mother made certain that I was wearing my spring jacket. My mother seemed so happy. In my reflection of the situation her dream of a family had come true. She had me and my father, we were spending quality time together. She wasn't too fond of fishing, not that it was my favorite thing to do either; but my father was taking us. Wow he loved fishing. It's funny, I can't really remember what my mother was wearing but then again she wasn't in the picture. She was behind the camera and I think sometimes my memories fade when there isn't a picture to remind me. My father seemed to share my moth... ...d dreams. It is not like I never see him or talk to him; I do. He has been in and out of my life ever since. Occasionally he calls to say hi or ask how I'm doing; he is never consistent. Our convesations are short and very uncomfortable. When I am out shopping or running errands I sometimes run into him by chance, (or fate who knows). All of our truths and his lies are always there but never talked about. I can't remember the last time he called on my birthday, sometimes I wonder if he even remembers my birthday or even thinks of me when my birthday comes around every year. He never calls on holidays. It is really hard for me to talk to someone who was once my father, and now is a complete stranger. After all the things I know about my father, the strangest feeling I have is under the hurt and the pain, what I hope and pray for is day we might go fishing again.

The Bean Trees Essay -- Character Analysis, Taylor

The Bean Trees is a novel which shows Taylor’s maturation; it is a bildungsroman story. Taylor is a developing or dynamic character. Her moral qualities and outlook undergo a permanent change. When the novel begins, Taylor is an independent-minded young woman embarking on an adventure to a new world. She has no cares or worries. She is confident in her abilities, and is determined to make it through life on her own. As she discovers new things and meets new people, Taylor is exposed to the realities of the world. She learns about the plight of abandoned children and of illegal immigrants. She learns how to give help and how to depend upon the help of others. As she interacts with others, those people are likewise affected by Taylor. The other developing characters are Lou Ann Ruiz, Turtle, and Esperanza. Together they learn the importance of interdependence and find their confidence. At the beginning of the novel, Taylor is intensely independent. She stands apart from the other high school girls at Pittman County. She is the only girl not wearing â€Å"beige or pink Bobbie Brooks matching sweater-and-skirt outfits† (5). She is determined to avoid teenage pregnancy, which is so common in her high school. She is the only girl brave enough to ask the science teacher for a job. Taylor believes that she can survive on her own. She finds herself a rickety car. It is a ’55 Volkswagen bug â€Å"with no windows to speak of, and no seat and no starter† (11-12). She learns how to push start it all by herself. Her mother helps her to be independent and to conquer her fears. Mrs. Greer lets the air out of one of the tires and also the spare, forcing Taylor to pump the tire herself despite her fear of exploding tires. Taylor learns that â€Å"nobody was goi... ...ope. Taylor, Turtle, Lou Ann, and Esperanza all develop because of their relationship with and to others. An iron is sharpened when it rubs against another piece of iron. Similarly, it is through contact and relationships that character is developed. The characters discover that they need each other to survive, just like the symbiotic relationship between the wisteria and the rhizobia. Taylor learns to depend upon the help of her friends. Turtle overcomes her emotional shock through Taylor’s love and care. Lou Ann finds her self-confidence through Taylor’s encouragement. Esperanza finds hope through her love for Turtle. All the characters learn how to be like the people in heaven. They are â€Å"well-fed† because they help and serve each other. The interaction among the characters provides nourishment and life. They develop into better people through this interaction.